Diversity in the Business World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assorted variety in the Business World - Essay Example racteristics and encounters, for example, correspondence style, vocation way, beneficial experience, instructive foundation, geographic area, salary level, conjugal status, military experience, parental status and different factors that impact individual points of view. By and large workforce decent variety is seen as an upper hand and a business opportunity. Assorted variety is likewise about decent variety of thought and thoughts. Truth be told a decent imminent business is just conceivable if the organization taps these assorted varieties (CHUBB, 2006). Customary organizations are entirely unexpected from the current day organizations. Not as a result of the impermanent financial downturn, or the innovation driven move in business practice. Or maybe, globalization has dominated and business has gotten drastically worldwide in scope and with this change, the very substance of business has modified. Business today isn't only the property of a couple of advantaged individuals as on account of customary frameworks. Business today is directed by and takes into account people of each possible foundation and culture. Staff of each ethnicity are in some cases additionally estranged by commanded decent variety workshops, which endeavored to show them how to coexist with their collaborators. Altogether, these were beast power ways to deal with ordering decent variety and, however here and there effective in inducing a progressively delegate staff, did little to pass on the genuine advantages of assorted variety either to workers or to the organizations client bases. Along these lines, really enduring change has been delayed to come. Managing change can be troublesome. Be that as it may, with change comes opportunity, and this is the key standard of viable organizations - having the aptitude and dexterity to remove the best from polymorphic business. Organizations today have come to perceive the numerous advantages of a different methodology, which is encouraged by a various workforce. Today, globalization has assumed control over business. As the global and local shopper base

Peter Singer - Famine Affluence, And Morality Assignment

Subside Singer - Famine Affluence, And Morality - Assignment Example That first rule is that passing and enduring as consequence of the lack of safe house, food, and clinical consideration are terrible. The other standard is that on the off chance that it is in our capacity and capacity to put to an end these awful things and experiencing of the individuals happening, without yielding anything of equal good importance, at that point we should respectably do it, as expressed by. Every one of these contentions set forward by Singer were to support a large portion of the well-to-do nations to give a greater amount of their assets to the shocking that they are doing. This would help a lot in managing a portion of the catastrophes, for example, starvation and debacle. One of the counter-contentions introduced by is the case of the suffocating youngster, as it is just a single individual who can assist in that case. On account of debacle alleviation, there is a large number of individuals who can assist. Answers to this by asserting that it doesn't make a difference ethically to the inquiry, what number of individuals could assist, what is important is the capacity of people to take up the ethical commitment duty. Disappointment of anybody to act in a terrible circumstance would be the disappointment of all. Believing that others could assist, doesn't in any capacity, reduce the duty. In the event that one individual assumes on the liability, the commitment of the others individuals pass. One of the counter contentions is the model given about the kid. The kid needs assistance and what considers is whether the kid is the duty of the individuals around or others around the world? This means that how the needy individuals around the world are spatially far off and distant. Leaving the kid with no assistance could prompt it suffocating; be that as it may, in numerous situations giving to the alleviation organizations could help in the anticipations of passings happening later on.

History of Psychology Essay

Current brain science is a science that it ceaselessly being inquired about and added to. Brain science originates before the nineteenth century and incorporates roots into early way of thinking. Looking carefully one can distinguish savants that identified with the beginnings of brain research, recognize significant thinkers that generally identify with the beginnings brain science as a proper control and how the advancement of the study of brain research changed during the nineteenth century. A scholar that could without much of a stretch be known as the dad of current brain research would be: Rene Descartes. Descartes was a rationalist in the seventeenth century that ventured outside the cutoff points and needed to know more. Descartes thought of 4 fundamental standards to show up at reality of whatever he was inquiring about. These standards were essentially to think plainly, legitimately and without inclination (Goodwin, 2008). Descartes had a few determined thoughts and was viewed as a nativist and a realist. These thoughts that he made foreshadowed one of psychology’s significant subjects of nature versed sustain. Descartes additionally battled that there was a distinction between a person’s psyche and body; and this distinction isolated us from creatures. Before Descartes kicked the bucket he distributed his last of numerous books called: The Passions of the Soul. This book built up him as an analyst and a physiologist (Goodwin, 2008). This book underlined on human feelings and proceeded with a conversation about psyche and body differentiations. He Clarified the body is a machine and reacts to window ornament movements, for example, dread, that trigger reflexes. Descartes additionally discovered that the pineal happy in the cerebrum was the organ that sent messages from the psyche/soul to the body. Descartes kicked the bucket at not long before his 54th birthday celebration in 1650. There were a few scholars that verifiably identify with the beginnings brain science as a proper control. John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume and John Stuart Mill are only a couple to make reference to. Every savant contributed an angle to brain science that prompted its conventional order. John Locke would not have faith in an intrinsic brain and accepted that psyche is made by encounters and was not pre modified. He expressed accepted that the thoughts that originate from our brains are because of ones sensations and reflections from encounters (Goodwin, 2008). George Berkeley included an investigation of visual discernment. He couldn't help contradicting Locke’s hypothesis of essential and auxiliary qualifications, yet expressed that our faith in God gave us a kind of the real world. David Hume is known for his investigation of impressions. This investigation helped inquire about sensations and thoughts the idea were because of impressions. Hume likewise distinguished the principles of relationship as similarity, contiguity and cause/impact (Goodwin, 2008). There are a few reasons that brain research changed significantly in the nineteenth century. John Stuart Mill was a major piece of that change. Despite the fact that John Stuart Mill was a youthful savant, he contemplated the rationale of science and investigated a few techniques on the most proficient method to get a logical truth. For instance, Mill would glance in to various qualities that could deliver wretchedness. Each discouraged individual that he would take a gander at would have this quality; anyway that didn't imply that on the off chance that you had the quality that you consequently had sadness. In current occasions we consider his techniques the trial strategy and the connection technique. These sorts of strategies are use today in the field of brain science. Rationalists are a major piece of the cutting edge universe of brain science. They presented techniques that are as yet utilized today and added science to the investigation. Without rationalists we may in any case accept that the psyche and body are one and that qualities make musings and thoughts and not encounters. We would not see how visual and sensations respond and make contemplations and various encounters. Rationalist Hermann Ebbinghaus once said that â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its genuine history is short† (Goodwin, 2008). This announcement speaks to the way that brain research is just 100 years of age, however can be originated before once more from the time people began posing inquiries. References Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (third ed. ).

Whispered Scholarship Application Essay Samples Secrets

Whispered Scholarship Application Essay Samples Secrets The New Fuss About Scholarship Application Essay Samples A sample is offered below for the better knowledge of students. Therefore, students will need to pay attention in regards to formatting their scholarship essays. Many students don't keep the coherency in the content. Though they can write well, not many applicants put in the effort to do so. It's important that you know how to write a scholarship essay so you can produce your case and convince the judges that you're the ideal person for the award. This letter could be simple but it can supply a lot of difference with regards the decision on whether someone is going to be qualified for a scholarship grant or not. There's nobody way to compose a winning scholarship application. If you've already graduated from college or university and are looking for a superior job, you want to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. It is thought to be absolutely the most significant part your application, since the scholarship committee will use this to assess who you are as an individual, and your outlook in life. Every student demands help with homework from time to time. A scholarship essayis part of ascholarship application. It is essential that you start early if you're planning to submit an application for academic college scholarships. A fundamental tool you may use is the T.. The general format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely count on the instructions provided to you. A scholarship application template provides many advantages. If you're using mobile phone, you may also utilize menu drawer from browser. The Good, the Bad and Scholarship Application Essay Samples Evaluators mainly assess an essay based on the way the theme was managed. Be certain that the subject of your essay clearly addresses the topic provided on the program, and use sources if needed. Without understanding the significance of the crucial themes, it is not possible to compose an impeccable essay. The ending of the essay should restate the major theme. An essay has a specific structure. It is often the most important part of your application. Don't forget that the individual reading your essay will have a say in whether you receive a scholarship. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should be able to spark the interests of your readers. You don't need to possess the ideal writing skills to be able to be creative and compose an effective essay. These forms of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. An excellent essay is one which leaves an enduring impression. While you cannot predict every essay question, knowing some of the most typical ones may give you an advantage on applications. To begin with, it's required to mention all the problems. In the event the topic isn't given such examples permit students to comprehend what the contemporary academic world is interested in and how to stick out from the rest. Following that, it's recommended to perform a thriving research on the theme for acquiring in-depth understanding. It's the way the essay looks. Essays are often needed for scholarship applications. There are various letter documents and essay examples that are employed in the area of education. Find out what exactly onomatopoeia is and the way to use it. If you're planning to submit an application for a college scholarship you will likely will need to submit an essay alongside a resume transcript and other background informationlooking at a number of sample essays before you commence writing will be able to help you get inspired to craft a winning essay of your own.

The Relationship Between Toddlers And Parents - 2890 Words

The Benefits of Parents in Toddler Language Development The relationship between toddlers and parents is very important to developing key literacy skills. These key literacy skills are tasks such as reading, writing, and speaking their language correctly. Although it may not seem crucial that the father and mother must be one of their child’s â€Å"teachers†, it should be their duty to help their child develop a starting stage for school. Parents must engage with their child from the moment they are born. This includes simply holding them, speaking to them, reading to them; building up that safe and secure relationship to let the child know they are in good hands. Too many people underestimate the importance of the relationship with their mother and father. Building that initial bond from birth will create a safe environment for the child to grow up and learn from their parents. In multiple studies, children are compared to other children with language delays in speaking and reading, parent-child interactions are exa mined, parents talk with the researchers about goals for their children, and toddlers are observed reading. Using these studies, toddler language development will be compared with toddlers who have language delays and parent-child interactions will be examined to explain why they are imperative to helping develop their child’s language. To begin, children vary in the amount of language they know based on how they were raised. Children who are said to haveShow MoreRelated Theories of Attachment: The Importance of Bonding with Infants and Toddlers1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbrand new experience full of new sights and sounds, and their parents are their first teacher who educates them about the new environment around them. In addition, they learn about their surroundings through touch which is an important part of the way infants observe this strange new world. Babies and toddlers learn about the way relationships are formed through becoming attached to their parents and bondi ng with them. Infants and toddlers love hugs, kisses, gentle caresses from their mom and dad asRead MoreWhat Are The Goals Of Early Head Start?1712 Words   |  7 Pagesnfant to Age Five Child Care What are the goals of Early Head Start? The goals or priorities of this is to provide safe and developmentally enriching caregiving. To support parent, mother and father, in the role as primary caregivers. The teaching of the children, and family in meeting personal goals. Being able to successfully achieve self sufficiency across a wide variety of domains. Communities being mobilized to provide proper resources and environment that is necessary. But also, to ensureRead MoreThe, The Very Hungry Caterpillar, Wheres Spot?1694 Words   |  7 Pagesstudies suggest that reading aloud to infants and toddlers has positive impacts on their brain development. According to the U.S. Department of Education, â€Å"Children develop much of their capacity for learning in the first three years of life, when their brains grow to 90 percent of their eventual adult weight† (Start Early, Finish Strong). Seeing that the most substantial brain development occurs during the first three years of life, infants and toddlers should be frequently read aloud to as a methodRead MoreTransition Of Child Care : Associations With Infant Mother Attachments, Infant Negative Emotion, And Cortisol Elevations1155 Words   |  5 PagesInfant-Mother Attachments, Infant Negative Emotion, and Cortisol Elevations Kelsie Turman Texas Woman s University Introduction Separation protests in infancy have shown to be a fascinating subject for researchers and parents alike. The belief that attachment figures are seen as a source of security, and that separation is stressful during infancy, was strengthened when research was conducted on activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. ResearchRead MoreErik Eriksons Attachment Theory Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesthis certain stage, parents begin to help children take some personal responsibility, such as toilet training, feeding, and dressing. A Toddler realizes that they are a separate person with their own desires. They will notice that they want to do things by themselves, and they will try to explore their world around them. If the toddler is able to explore with certain boundaries, the toddler will most likely develop a sense of self-sufficiency. On the other hand, if the parents are never satisfiedRead MoreRationale Statement : The Development And Implementation Of The Cur riculum1639 Words   |  7 PagesRationale Statement: â€Å"Relationships are the foundation of the development and implementation of the curriculum for the infants and toddlers. Responsive caregiving and use of individual caregiving routines(for example, nappy changing, meals, sleep) provide the frame for curriculum implementation. Parents should be involved to take appropriate decision about the children’s learning and development†. Introduction: Over the past few years, research in neuroscience and developmental psychology has createRead MoreEffects Of Children s Television On Language Development Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreported that children between the ages of two and five watched television on average 32 hours a week - an eight year high. Parents’ opinions on their children’s television viewing has contributed to this upward trend. In 2014, the Joan Ganz Cooney Center surveyed 1,557 parents of children between the ages of 2 and 10; they found that 44% of parents believed that children’s television enhanced learning. In addition, the center reported that 78% of parents of children between the ages of two and fiveRead MorePersonal Caregiving : Childhood Development Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesJournal #2 The first few years of life are arguably the most foundational years that people experience throughout life. The way individuals treat infants and toddlers can affect the way they behave and interact with others throughout their lives. A secure attachment that formed between a child and his or her caregiver can manifest itself as young as 9 months old. When individuals consider the current research on childhood development, it becomes apparent that caregivers should make every effortRead MoreEssay On Touchscreen Media1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping. Little research has been done to assess the longer-term developmental implications of toddlers using touchscreens (Bedford, Saez de Urabain, Cheung, Karmiloff-Smith Smith, 2016). Whilst Bedford et al. (2016) may argue that touchscreen media does not effect a child’s development, research by Cheung et al. (2017) suggests that using touchscreen devices can have a detrimental effect on toddlers sleeping patterns, leading to co gnitive disabilities. This leads psychologists to debate whetherRead MoreInfant Of Age Five Child Care1661 Words   |  7 PagesInfant to Age Five Child Care What are the goals of Early Head Start? The goals or priorities of this is to provide safe and developmentally enriching caregiving. To support parent, mother and father, in the role as primary caregivers. The teaching of the children, and family in meeting personal goals. Being able to successfully achieve self sufficiency across a wide variety of domains. Communities being mobilized to provide proper resources and environment that is necessary. But also, to ensure

The Homeland Security Risk Management - 1239 Words

Homeland Security Risk Management Olgera Haywood American Military University Introduction Homeland security in United States comprises of complex and competing requirements, incentives, and interests that need to be managed and balanced effectively to achieve the desired national objectives. Security, resilience and safety of the country are endangered by different hazards such as cyberspace attacks, terrorism, manmade accidents, pandemics, natural disasters and transnational crimes which are part of external risks affecting homeland security. Internal risks such as projects costs, workforce management and acquisition operations also affect the security. Internal and external risks impact the country in diverse ways such as human death, environmental degradation, injuries, economic loss, among other negative impacts. Department of Homeland Security and other involved partners should be in a position to manage and understand the different risks to security. The security state current is dynamic and relying on past cannot completely inform decision making (CRS, 2007). Risk management therefore is a process of analyzing, communicating and identifying risk and avoiding, accepting, controlling or transferring the risk to acceptable limits considering benefits and costs of measures taken with the aim of ensuring improving security decisions. Risk management enterprise in homeland security Department of Homeland security together with other players in theShow MoreRelatedRisk Management And Homeland Security1309 Words   |  6 PagesRisk Management and Homeland Security The nation’s homeland security is a very multifaceted environment which must be controlled to effective function at its highest potential. â€Å"The safety, security, and resilience of the Nation are threatened by an array of hazards, including acts of terrorism, manmade accidents, and natural disasters† (DHS., 2011). All together, homeland security agencies must manage risks at all levels connected with an array of components. Collectively, these external andRead MoreRisk Management Within The Homeland Security1115 Words   |  5 Pages Risk management within the homeland security Dustin S. Smith American Military University Abstract The department of homeland security uses an equation that will assess our economy, actions, public affairs, natural occurrences, consequences, threat, and vulnerability of threats. The component itself can be quite complex and problems exist in components through risk measures. The performance of modern technology depends on combinations of specific systems that are affectedRead MoreThe Homeland Security And Risk Management Programs1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Homeland security has been faced with a multitude of threats as the United States encounters new enemies as well as ongoing natural disasters. Regarding the topic of risk management lays an intriguing question. This question is how to appropriately coordinate risk management programs while acknowledging elements of focus in regards to different assets and the manner in which these assets are used. The homeland security uses risk assessments on all areas, which this paper will be focusing on,Read MoreRisk Management Within Hom eland Security Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Risk Management within Homeland Security Risk management is applied in numerous ways by various agencies and organizations within the U.S. national security apparatus. One manner in which risk management is utilized by the Department of Defense is to mitigate vulnerabilities to personnel during military operations. Whether or not to recruit and deploy a double-agent is a primary focus of risk management within the CIA’s Counterespionage Group. Moreover, evaluating security threats toRead MoreRisk Management Within The Homeland Security Enterprise1245 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management within the Homeland Security Enterprise Risk has been defined as the likelihood of a specific outcome and the results or consequences of that specific outcome (Masse, O’Neil, Rollins, 2007). Risk is inherent to every facet of life. There are risks involved in the mundane of driving down the road or walking on a sidewalk. Certain factors are added which increases the risk of conducting these mundane tasks. For example, driving at a high rate of speed during a rain storm exponentiallyRead MoreThe Role Of Risk Management On The Homeland Security Enterprise1361 Words   |  6 Pagesattacks against the United States, a series of risk management evaluations were created by the US Federal Government to assess the future risks the homeland was going to face. When the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was officially created in 2002, more effective risk management assessments were re-designed to evaluate the past and present dangers, prevent them and respond successfully to more terrorist attacks. Since 2001 until 2007, a development of risk assessment has been divided in phases toRead MoreRole Of Risk Management Within The Homeland Security Enterprise1271 Words   |  6 Pagesability of the Department of Homeland Security to effectively manage risk is vital to national security. Risk in general, is something that is permanent but because this is known, strategies can be used to mitigate situations as they present themselves. Government managers must manage risk in a complex environment taking into consideration the diverse missions and multiple objectives of public agencies (Hardy, 2014). The role of risk management within the homeland security enterprise was managed byRead MoreWhat Role Does Risk Management Play Within The Homeland Security Enterprise?1186 Words   |  5 PagesWhat role does risk management play within the homeland security enterprise? To answer that question we first have to examine what risk management is. Risk management is an anaclitic approach to figuring out the likelihood that an event will impact a specific assets, person, or function and then implementing steps to mitigate the impact or consequence of the event. (Decker, 2001) The Standard risk management formula that the Department of Homeland Security uses is R=T*V*C or Risk = Threat * VulnerabilityRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesdeter and prevent attacks on our homeland and as well as deter and threats from potentially occurring. Following 9/11, the Department of Defense has been entrusted with the role in the management of risks facing the United Sates. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has stated that it will apply risk management principles to homeland security operations and has stated â€Å"Ultimately, homeland security is about effectively managing risks to the Nation’s security† (DHS 2010, pg. 2). This is muchRead MoreStrategic Planning, Resource Allocation And Grant Funding1362 Words   |  6 Pagesat some point carries a certain level of risk based on a decision or choice made to meet a specific goal. Things taken for granted such as driving from one point to another or shopping at your local grocery store carry certain risk. The variables that affect the level of risk range from low to extreme. The issue with risk is there never is an absolute number of mitigating solutions that will neutralize risk 100% of the time. If something was essentially risk free, there would be no room for error or

Economic Implications Of Africa Downgrading-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Economic Implications Of Africa Downgrading? Answer: Introducation Inflation in South Africa was expected to be effected for the reason of economic downgrade to the junk status. SP Global speculated well before that the value of Rand in the global market and all the bonds will share the same fate as Rand. This form of downgrade will raise the price of borrowing in South Africa for some period of time (Ngcobo Ladzani, 2016). Standard Poor stated that such a downgrade in the position of Rand will attract very few investors. The investors will like to withdraw money from the market and will not invest further. It will result in the weakening of South African economy. The country will face inflation pressures which will be transferred to the citizens who will face indirect financial pressure. Prices of basic goods and services will increase (Ngcobo Ladzani, 2016). According to research, South African government will have to borrow money from the international market which will cost them more as the price of Rand is less in the money market. Grants ma y come in from the government for the citizens but the money obtained from them will but less commodities due to inflation. Prices of all the goods and services will increase but the grants amount will not increase as the government is weak in its finances (Mugobo Mutize, 2016). Infrastructure which is already there may not get affected by the inflation but new development is highly unlikely to happen. Moodys rating agency established that the Rand was highly undervalued in the international market due to which exports will also hamper. Economic Growth Rate Due to downgrade of economic status of South Africa, the country has to borrow more from the international markets. As the borrowings will increase economic growth will decrease. This will result in lower standard of living of the citizens of the country. Exports and imports share a major chunk in the economy of the South Africa. Exchange rates of the currency with spike up. Government will be in debt which will be very hard to pay off quickly. To tackle this problem tax rates will be increased to finance the government expenditure. Credit Rating Company IOL states that there is a reduction of 0.7% in its GDP (Mugobo Mutize, 2016). There has been recession in the growth rates of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of economy. Manufacturing sector experienced a huge blow and trade sector followed the same pattern (Olayemi Nirmala, 2016). There was decrease of 5.89% and 3.71% in both sectors respectively (Olayemi Nirmala, 2016). To the countrys good fortune mining and agricu lture sector made positive growth but they have their limitations and cannot mitigate the loss incurred by other sectors of economy. The last nail in the coffin was put by the tertiary sector which includes trade, finance, transport, government services and personal service industry. They also showed reduction which made sure that country is in deep recession. Unemployment According to Bloomberg, high inflation and low economic growth directly results in rise in unemployment in the country (van Scheers, 2016). Deficiency of money in the market and high rate of product and services makes the companies and government to cut their expenses by firing their staff. It is a common practice to counter the effects of such economic downgrade. South Africa is in really bad shape with the economy reduced to junk status (van Scheers, 2016). Local companies were not able to make profits and hence cannot sustain a large workforce. Salary gets limited and there is no question of pay raises. In this scenario people who have average skill set will not get any job ("SOUTH AFRICA: Credit Rating Downgrade", 2013). Skilled people will not work at a place where there is no job security and there is no prospect of pay growth. According to S P Global high-paid and skilled professionals are leaving the country to work in foreign ventures to make monetary gains ("SOUTH AFRICA: Credit Rating Downgrade", 2013). Job prospects are reduced exponentially. Government is not capable enough to raise more job vacancies to counter this issue as there is lack of funds which is the basic reason for unemployment in South Africa in the first place. It can be concluded from the above discussion that South African economy has been downgraded to the junk status and it will take a lot of time for it to recover from this economic disaster. References Martin, W. (2013). South Africa and the New Scramble for Africa: Imperialist, Sub-imperialist, or Victim?.Agrarian South: Journal Of Political Economy,2(2), 161-188. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976013493574 Ngcobo, R., Ladzani, W. (2016). Analysis of economic transformation intervention in South Africa - the CA charter.Environmental Economics,7(3), 17-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(3).2016.02 Mugobo, V., Mutize, M. (2016). THE IMPACT OF SOVEREIGN CREDIT RATING DOWNGRADE TO FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA.Risk Governance And Control: Financial Markets Institutions,6(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv6i1art2 Olayemi, B., Nirmala, D. (2016). Creating economic viability in rural South Africa through water resource management in subsistence farming.Environmental Economics,7(4), 68-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.07 van Scheers, L. (2016). Is there a link between economic growth and SMEs success in South Africa.Investment Management And Financial Innovations,13(2-2), 349-353. https://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2-2).2016.09 SOUTH AFRICA: Credit Rating Downgrade. (2013).Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial And Technical Series,49(12), 19801A-19802B. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2013.04914.x

Internet Tv Essays - Melrose Park, Illinois, Zenith Electronics

Internet Tv ZENITH TO LAUNCH INTERNET TV PRODUCTS BASED ON NC TECHNOLOGY FROM ORACLE LAS VEGAS, Jan. 8, 1997 -- Zenith Electronics Corporation (NYSE:ZE) has joined forces with Network Computer, Inc. (NCI), a subsidiary of Oracle Corp. (NASDAQ: ORCL), to launch a new generation of convergence products designed to enhance the entertainment experience of television. Zenith plans to offer a family of Internet TV products - set-top boxes and integrated TV sets - with interactive capabilities based on NCI's powerful N|C System Software. This move marks an important new direction for Zenith's Internet TV product strategy and is another step toward establishing the software developed by NCI as the industry-standard platform for Internet appliances. Say good-bye to the passive couch potato, Zenith President and CEO Peter Willmott said here today on the eve of the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. Working with Oracle, Zenith is redefining the experience of television and marrying channel surfing and net-surfing in a new and exciting way. NCI's System Software will bring a new level of power and simplicity to Internet TV. Larry Ellison, chairman and CEO of Oracle Corp., said, Tapping the Internet should be as easy as using a television or telephone. Consumers want an inexpensive, easy-to-use appliance that combines the power of the Internet and the simplicity of television. Zenith's Internet TV and NCI's software technology will bring the information age and World Wide Web to millions of consumers everywhere. Zenith's NetVision Internet TV products, planned for introduction in 1997, will allow TV viewers to surf the World Wide Web, send and receive multimedia e-mail, and participate in a variety of interactive and electronic commerce services - all using Zenith's unique Z-Trak track-ball remote control, which operates like a computer mouse. (An optional wireless keyboard also will be available.) The set-top boxes and TVs will feature a printer port and smart card slot for home shopping, banking and other transactional services. In addition to a built-in 33.6 kilobit-per-second telephone modem, the products will include an Ethernet port for connection to high-speed cable modems. The N|C System Software is the powerful software inside Zenith's NetVision Internet TV products. It allows the Internet TV products to quickly connect to the network, run feature-rich software programs, browse the World Wide Web and access multimedia content such as audio and video. Easy to use, like a television set, the N|C System Software is simple to set up and requires no maintenance. Network Computer, Inc. (NCI), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oracle Corp., develops, licenses and markets all software and support services for the network computer, including the N|C System Software and other N|C applications. For more information about Network Computer, Inc., please call 415/631-4600. NCI's World Wide Web address is http://www.nc.com. Zenith Electronics Corporation, based in Glenview, Ill., is a leading manufacturer and marketer of television and video products for consumer and professional markets; display devices including color picture tubes, components and computer monitors; and network systems products, including digital and analog set-top boxes and cable modems. Zenith is a leader in the development of digital high-definition television. TRADEMARKS: Zenith and its famous lightning-bolt logo are registered trademarks of Zenith Electronics Corporation, and NetVision and Z-Trak are trademarks of Zenith Electronics Corporation. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. Oracle OpenWorld is a trademark of Oracle Corporation. N|C is a trademark of Network Computer, Inc. Computers and Internet Essays

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College Essay Helper College Essay Helper Very often a piece of professional college essay helpturns out to be very useful to receive. Many students wish to get college essay help within a short period of time. It happens because students should do a lot of things during their study as well as in their personal lives. To avoid the disappointment with the studying, it is a good idea to take advantage of college essay help We are here 24/7 to assist you and offer professional college essay help. With our help, the process of college essays writing becomes more interesting and easier for students. We deliver written college essays on time and we do not plagiarize. What else? We listen to your concerns and offer free revisions within 24 hours. Our writing services come with many guarantees and you should not worry about anything. College Essay Ideas Once you have finished generating some preliminary ideas for your essay, developing an outline is the next step. Developing an outline will save you time and aggravation by helping you to organize your ideas and create a structure. There are many ways to order details, and here are three common ones: Chronological order: arranges details across time. This method is useful for crafting a narrative, but it can also be used for ordering the details of a process. Spatial order: arranges details as they appear across space; i.e. from front to back, top to bottom, left to right. Progressive order: arrange details from the least to the most important, compelling, interesting, etc. This order is very useful for argumentation-persuasion papers because it helps you lead up to a final main point that will convince your reader. Many students avoid the outlining process because they believe it only involves the very formal outline with roman numerals and letters. For very formal research papers, this outline can be very helpful. There are other, less formal options, however. In a few minutes, youll see some different ways to structure your outline. First, though, you should note the following guidelines for writing an outline: Develop a working thesis. The working thesis is not set in stone, and you can feel free to revise it as you write. Consider your context. Remember the ideas covered in lesson 1. You should always consider your purpose, audience, and role. Be flexible: As you develop your outline, you may notice that you develop new ideas or that some of your original ideas no longer fit. Again, feel free to revise the outline as you move through the process. Return to idea generation, if necessary. If you notice that you are having significant difficulties coming up with an outline, it could signify you have not yet developed enough ideas. College Essay Helper Online In addition, take into account that our professional college essay helpers are always online to assist you with professional college essay writing. While you may not know how to write a good essay, we are knowledgeable and trained in academic writing! Read more: Essay Example on Cause of Crime Deforestation Essay Conformity Essay Professional Editing Service Editorial Essay Topics

Your Transformational Story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Transformational Story - Assignment Example This true story of my mentor is inspirational and it has transformed me in various ways. From her traumatic background experience, she became popular with her talk show â€Å"Oprah Winfrey Show† and has since become the darling of not only America but the world at large. I have drawn great inspiration and transformation from her popular statement, â€Å"It doesn’t matter who you are, where you come from. The ability to triumph begins with you. Always,† (Academy of Achievement). Before reading the transformational history of Oprah, I was sceptical of doing challenging things and I lacked self confidence in whatever I did. My academic career was characterised by low grades as a result of the fact that I viewed myself as incapable of doing a lot of challenging things. Even in life, I have been scared of performing certain tasks on my own for fear of failure. However, today I can happily say that the true story of Oprah has significantly transformed my life in various ways. I have gained a lot of confidence in myself and I can perform any task on my own. One good lesson I have learned from this leader is that failure is a true source of experience and motivation. Instead of despairing about failing to achieve the desired goals at a particular moment, this failure can be a source of inspiration. I have learnt a lot of things from my mistakes. At school, I often achieve poor grades but I am no longer demotivated since this gives me hope that one day I will achieve good grades. I have also been transformed in such a way that I can share my life experience with others without fear or favour. I am not ashamed of my failures in life and am happy to say that I view the sky as the limit in whatever I do. Leadership is the ability to influence others to behave in a particular way (Robbins, 1993). There are various leadership styles and these have an impact on the leader to influence others. Leadership traits have an impact on other people

Relationship Between ANA Test Titers Autoimmune Disease Research Paper - 9

Relationship Between ANA Test Titers Autoimmune Disease - Research Paper Example Among the patients ‘data we collected, 13 (29.5%) patients had 40 ANA test titers, 4 (9.1%) had 80 titers, 4 (9.1%) had 160 titers, 10 (22.7%) had 320 titers, 4 (9.1%) had 640 titers, 6 (13.6%) had 1280 titers, and 3 (6.8%) had 1320 titers. This is well illustrated by both table 1 below and graph 1. During the sample, analysis three groups of diagnosis of autoimmune disease were detected. Group 1 had 13 (29.5%) patients, group 2 had 19 (43.2%) patients, and group 3 had 12 (27.3%). Table 2 and figure 2 better illustrate this Among the 13 patients who were found to fall in the category of 40 titers ANA test SLE, 2 were found to fall in group 1, 6 were found to fall in group 2, and 5 were found to fall in group 3. Among the 4 patients who were found to fall in the category of 80 titers ANA test SLE, 2 were found to fall in group 1, 1 one was found to fall in group 2, and another 1 was found to fall in group 3. Among the four in the category of 160 titers ANA test SLE, 2 were found to fall in group 1, 1 in group 2, and another 1 in group 3. Among the 10 in the category of 320 titers, ANA test SLE, 3 were found to fall in group 1, 4 in group 2, and 3 in group 3. Among the 4 in the category of 640 titers ANA test SLE, 1 was found to fall in group one while the other 3 were found to fall in group 2. Among the six in the category of 1280 titers ANA test SLE, 2 were found to fall in group 1, 2 in group 2, and 2 in group 3. Among the three in the category of 1320 titers ANA test SLE, 1 was found to fall in group 1, and the other 2 in group 2. Table 3, figure 3, and figure 4 had better illustrate this. In this project, we test the null hypothesis that the ANA and diagnosis are associated. According to Hirschfield & Heathcote (2011), the ANA test is the main testing tool used for the diagnosis of autoimmune rheumatic conditions. This test makes use of antinuclear antibodies in the diagnosing of these conditions.

Is Credit Card Necessary in Our Life Essay Example for Free

Is Credit Card Necessary in Our Life Essay A credit card is a card issued by a financial company to the holder in order for an individual to borrow funds often at a point of sale. It is important to note that credit cards charge interest and are basically use for short-term financing. Moreover, the interests charged on credits cards are enacted usually one month after purchasing is made and borrowing limits are pre-set. This is with regard to the individual`s card rating. Significantly, credit cards contain a higher interest rate that is about 19% per year than majority of the consumer lines or loans of credit. Consequently, many consumer stores allow payment through credit cards, an aspect that has seen the vast growth of these cards. Suze denotes says â€Å"For Americans who don’t pay their entire credit card bill each month, the average balance is close to $4,000. † In addition, they are a mode of payment in the current world by most companies and even the civil servants. However, the various limitations like dent limit make credit cards insignificant in our life. Credit cards are not necessary in our life because they impose various limitations to the card holders. First, charging items, goods, and services on plastic can be convenient but encourage poor spending habits. Credit cards are readily within one`s reach. Moreover, people walk with these cards in their wallets and handbags. This is not only, a limiting factor, but also encourages the issues of money expenditure. For instance, online stores have become a considerable element in the current American society. Buying of goods and services can be done within seconds, especially with the home delivery services at hand. Suze in her argument emphasizes, â€Å"But also realize that some of you are broke by circumstances. I believe you are Broke by Choice. † This is to indicate the practices that we engage with the accessibility to the cards. Credit cards expose high rate expenditure among people with even little goods they would purchase locally. Credit card debt is a considerable problem that each ground people every year. Rise in the interest rates is a limit factor towards the use of credit cards. It is evident that financial companies vary their rates within days and even a month. For instance, the interest rate may change frequently if the economy of the nation keeps alternating. This puts the credit card holders in a chilly spot. The fluctuation of interest rates has resulted to individuals going for loans since they cannot support their bills. Suze denotes, â€Å"The average interest rate charged on credit is 15 percent, with plenty of folks paying 18 percent † Moreover, the financial companies are after profits, and to ensure they have established this, they enact interest rates that are merely undistinguishable by the credit card holders. This exposes the card holders to vulnerability of inevitable charges by the organizations. Moreover, at times payments through the credit cards get missed. This is usual among the card holders. Various companies have emphasized on credit card payment mode. However, it is imperative to note that during the transfer of money from the corporative, some instances of money loss have been identified. Efficiency is a factor that cannot be relied on from payment and service coherence. Furthermore, online vandalism in the form of account hacking is a current problem facing credit card issuing financial corporations. For instance, payoneer company accounts that are issued online to individuals from various regions of the world have faced vandalism with clients and card holders losing millions of cash. Hacking online credit card accounts has become a common practice in the present society. This has forced people to limit the utilization of the credit cards. Credit cards are likely to accumulate debts if the monthly charges are not paid in time. â€Å"†¦if you are late on any other card, your zero deal can be in jeopardy. † In addition, credit card scores are trashed by the financial companies rendering to discrimination of the individual card holders. On the other hand, credit cards can be regarded to be very significant in the modern world. This is because they solve the issue of distance payment. For instance, an individual living in Great Britain can receive his/her salary even if working for a company established in the United States. This is because the credit cards allows funds to be deposited on the card holder`s card. Furthermore, the card holder can withdraw money from any card supporting Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). This is not only an advantage to the credit card holders but a limitation to knowing their bank ledger rates and various banking processes within the account. Majority of the credit card holders neglect the various conditions and terms they are subjected to during account application. Considerably, for the people who do not pay their credit card bill every month, it is significant to note that their average balance is estimated to $4,000. Considerably, the higher earning individual with an annual income that ranges $75000 and $100000, the average balance is approximately $8,000. â€Å"To see if you have been late on any card, not just their car. † This is a remarkably high cost in incorporating credit card in aspects of payment and other financial areas. It does not make meaning if an individual is paying, for example, 18 percent interest on a $7,000 balance and he/she makes just 1. percent minimum payment each month. This is because the individual will end up paying $20,000 in the averagely 50 years he/she will take to decline the balance to zero. It is important to note that those people who like buying goods on credit are at a big risk of ending up in great debts. The various transactions or credits that are made on the credit cards are crucial since they gain more interest to the related financial company. It is important to limit the rate at which one uses the credit card. Suze denote â€Å"Push yourself hard to make that extra payment as large as possible. Otherwise, an individual will end up accumulating a good amount of dents. Paying for groceries and friends drinks at the restaurant at your expense is a practice will finally get one to the unpaid credit balance. The card sets an individual for many snares and traps though the card companies in order for you to spend more creating more debts. The strategy for getting out of rid of the credit card debt is only by maneuvering the credit card companies with strategies that will ensure individuals pay the least amount possible interest rate. Considerably, the average interest charged on a credit card is about 15 percent. However, Suze says that, â€Å"majority of the people pay at around 18 percent and any balance carried by a credit calls for the rate lowered as possible. † In conclusion, it is important to note that credit cards are not necessary to our life. This is with consideration on the various credit debts they can amount to an individual. Further, they enhance high expenditure through online stores including groceries. Therefore, progressive use of credit cards even with minor goods and services that can be obtained readily endangers you to debts that are critical within credit card use. The most appropriate strategy in dealing with high-rate debt in the use of credit cards is ensuring that all your cards are equally used. â€Å"If you have a FICO score of at least 720, and you make at least the minimum payment due each month, on time, you should be able to negotiate with your current credit card issuer to lower your rate. If other cards are frequently used unlike others an individual would be paying the monthly charges and other interests for free. Therefore, credit cards are a critical aspect in the financial ground of an individual.

Race: Biological or Cultural? :: essays research papers

Through research of DNA samples, scientists have been able to declare that race is not biologically constructed due to the similarities between human genes. Nevertheless, in reality, people still emphasized on biological aspects such as skin color, or hair texture to categorize others into different races. This in turn, denied the true identity of race, which it is culturally constructed. Ethnicity, by definition is also culturally constructed, therefore it greatly resemble race. There is no real clear line to distinct the two. According to Nicholson, encounters between explorers, such as Christopher Columbus and Henry Hudson, and Native Americans were always friendly. There was no â€Å"expression of hostility based on physical appearance† (Nicholson 15) between the two groups. When there was any hostility, it was not based on physical appearance, but rather more of culture practices or values. Cannibalism, for example, â€Å"seems to take place without any regard to race, creed, or religion.† In another case, Nicholson mentions that during the Crusade, about ten thousands Jews were massacred by Crusaders. It â€Å"was a religious slaughter without racial implications.† (Nicholson 26) Through these examples, we can see that Nicholson suggested that race is not scientifically valid because people did not judge others based on physical appearances, but the notion of race is mainly described by one’s skin color or hair texture. Nicholson’s arguments coincided with modern scientific views, which conclude that race doesn’t exist, due to the fact that DNA inside people with different skin color and hair texture is 99.9 percent similar. Therefore, the notion that race is biologically constructed in invalid. Social reality of race simply refers to the fact that people still believed that races are based on physical traits such as skin color or hair texture to judge others. However, what they are doing is stereotyping which lead to discrimination and racism. Also, their actions denied the fact race is culturally constructed, meaning people have different customs, religions, and values from culture to culture. The patterns of biological variation among humans are extremely complex and constantly changing. All of us could be classified into a number of different "races", depending on what genetic traits are emphasized. For example, if you divide people up on the basis of stature or blood types, the geographic groupings are clearly different from those defined on the basis of skin color. Focusing on such deceptive distinguishing traits as skin color, body shape, and hair texture causes us to magnify differences and ignore similarities between people.

The Role of Lease Financing in Bangladesh

Introduction Lease financing is comparatively a new concept in the financial sector and has got recognition as aninnovative source of finance for accelerating the pace of industrialization as well as economic growth of  Bangladesh. Leasing companies have registered substantial growth in lease financing during the year 1985through 1994.Since 1995 to date, growth in lease market has significantly slowed down because of sluggisheconomic activities, withdrawal of incentives by the government, imposition of cash resource requirementwith Bangladesh Bank as per Finance Act 1998, expansion of number of leasing institutions, lack of  diversification of service and of awareness in business community about leasing etc. Researchers have alsofound that leasing companies need to develop their professionals and should come in the market with newmarketing strategy. BackgroundBangladesh is a least developed country in the world with per capita GDP Tk. 11. 284 (USD 230). She suffersfrom poverty, i mperfection in both, factor and product market, continuous in equilibrium in the economy,defective administrative structure in both financial and non-financial sector, inappropriate tax structure,heavy dependence on assistance from World Bank including other International Lending Agencies andDonor Countries, lack of capital stock, massive unemployment, political turmoil and unhealthy environmentfor investment.With the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country in 1971, the thenGovernment nationalized all commercial Banks with the hope of accelerating industrial growth throughfinancial, fiscal and other supports. Since the inception of independent Bangladesh, Commercial Banks,Development Financial Institutions and Investment Corporation of Bangladesh have been the major sourcesof industrial finance in the country. These Banks were predominately serving the public sector by extendingsupport in the form of long term loan, working capital finance, bridge finance etc. and had limi ted experiencein trade, commerce and industry.Due to dearth of experience in investment decision, project financing,recovery of loan and recycle of loan, both entrepreneurs and Banking Financial Institutions coupled withdifficulties at every stage of development and accomplishment which ultimately led to the emergence of  many sick industries. The Development Financial Institutions (DFI s) that depend largely on external assistance suffer fromfinancial constrains because of ineffective project appraisal. Imprudent investment decisions, poor recoveryand inability to recycle of loan which resulted in withdrawal of fund by international donors.As a result of  poor performance and withdrawal of external support, the liquidity position of DFI s have declined and abilityof sanctioning fresh loan and of refinancing sick industries reduced. Nationalized commercial Banks areusually reluctant to finance capital expenditure due to higher financial risk and poor recovery and designedto prom ote the nonproductive sectors. Besides, their loan operation was substantially diminished due toadditional cash reserve requirement imposed by Bangladesh Bank in order to curb inflation. Consequently,genuine industrial clients are affected by their limited access to the long-term local currency loan.Thiscontention is evident from the fact that the private sector remains in massive default to the DFI s and NCB s,90% of borrowers to DFI s are in defaulting and recovery rates are as low as 10% of the total recoverableamount. On the other hand, Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE), the only stock market of Bangladesh is not wellorganized and therefore failed to mobilize sufficient fund to meet the demand of the capital market of thecountry. During 1972-84, public sector financial institutions were found totally failure in developing industrialsector and promoting first generation of industrial entrepreneurs

4 Ways to Use the Passive Voice in Italian

When we are learning to write in English, we are warned to steer clear of the passive voice as if it were a bad habit. We are told to use verbs in active constructions, which are, well, more active: they give our writing a more powerful tone. But in Italian, the passive voice is used frequently and in a multiplicity of ways, and not without reason. In fact, the passive voice not only changes the dynamic between the elements of a sentence, subtly altering nuance in the meaning but sometimes enables constructions and creates tones that are entirely new, shifting the focus of the action from the doer to the action itself. Because it is widely used, its important for the Italian-language learner to know how to recognize it, to conjugate it, and, one hopes, also to appreciate it. La Voce Passiva: What It Is and Why Use It? At its most basic, in Italian as in English, the passive construction reverses subject and object of an action: The dog ate the sandwich: the sandwich was eaten by the dog.The mysterious bear took the little girl: the little girl was taken by the mysterious bear.Poverty killed the man: the man was killed by poverty. Depending on the context, that reversal puts more emphasis on the subject who is carrying out the verb, to clarify agency or responsibility and place it squarely on someone or something: The painting was painted by that lovely young man in the red coat. Conversely, passive construction also can serve the purpose of moving the emphasis away from the doer and more on the action itself and its weight. For example: The bodies were laid to rest under the trees; the village was burned to the ground in one night. Here we dont even know who the doer is, and that is half of the beauty of the passive construction. How to Make a Verb Passive in Italian A verb is made passive (this can be done only with transitive verbs) by reversing the subject and the object, then by putting the main verb into the past participle preceded by the verb essere. Essere is conjugated in the same tense of the verb when active. The agent or doer, called the complemento dagente, is introduced by the preposition da. Lets look at the transformation in several tenses: In the presente indicativo: Noi serviamo la cena. We serve the dinner.La cena à ¨ servita da noi. The dinner is served by us. In the passato prossimo: Noi abbiamo servito la cena. We served the dinner.La cena à ¨ stata servita da noi. The dinner was served by us. In the imperfetto: Noi servivamo sempre la cena. We always served the dinner.La cena era servita sempre da noi. The dinner was always served by us. In the passato remoto: Servimmo sempre la cena. We always served the dinner.La cena fu sempre servita da noi. The dinner was always served by us. In the futuro: Noi serviremo sempre la cena. We will always serve dinner.La cena sarà   sempre servita da noi. Dinner will always be served by us. In the congiuntivo imperfetto: Voleva che noi servissimo la cena. She wanted us to serve the dinner.Voleva che la cena fosse servita da noi. She wanted the dinner to be served by us. And in the condizionale passato: Noi avremmo servito la cena se ci fossimo stati. We would have served the dinner had we been there.La cena sarebbe stata servita servita da noi se ci fossimo stati. The dinner would have been served by us had we been there. Its helpful to review the entire conjugation of a verb in the passive voice with the essere in every tense. But this suffices to see that, when used like this, the passive voice gives more prominence to the doer of the action. Passive Without Spoken Agent However, simple passive sentences can leave the doer unmentioned, too, leaving only the action itself, without concern for who did what: La cena fu servita al tramonto. Dinner was served at sunset.La casa à ¨ stata costruita male. The house was poorly built.Il tuo vestito à ¨ stato buttato per sbaglio. Your dress was thrown out by mistake.La torta fu mangiata in un minuto. The cake was eaten in one minute.Il bambino era felice di essere stato accettato. The little boy was happy to have been accepted.La donna fu tanto amata nella sua vita. The woman was very loved in her life. Passive Impersonal: One, You, Everyone, Us All Because of its Latin derivation, the passive in Italian is also used in other less identifiable constructions: Among them is the impersonal passivante voice, which is widely used in Italian and most convenient. It is a good way to explain rules, customs, or general behavior without assigning fault or responsibility or singling out individual behavior. The agent is one, everyone, or us all: the people. There is really no perfect translation in English that has the same tone, sometimes easy, sometimes more formal. In this formula, you use the passive particle si (the same as the reflexive pronoun si but with an entirely different function) and conjugate your verb in the third person singular or plural (depending on if the subject is singular or plural) of the tense you need. There is always an object in the si passivante. Lets look: In questo negozio non si vendono sigarette. In this store, cigarettes are not sold.Da qui si puà ² vedere il mare. From here one/we can see the sea (or the sea can be seen).In Italia non si parla molto svedese. In Italy, Swedish is not much spoken.Come si fa ad aprire questo portone? How does one/how do you open this door?In Italia si mangia molta pasta. In Italy, we/everyone/people eat a lot of pasta.Si dice che il villaggio fu distrutto. It is said that the town was destroyed.Non si capisce bene cosa sia successo. It is not clear what happened. With this and other passive constructions, one can speak about something being done poorly or wrongly or badly without necessarily pointing the finger, assigning responsibility (or taking credit), or generally getting involved. It is also a good way to voice opinion or tell a story while leaving everyone (including yourself) out of it, adding a bit of mystery, suspense, or doubt. Si sentirono delle grida. Screams were heard.In paese non si seppe chi era stato. In town, no one knew/it was not known who had done it.Quando fu vista per strada tardi si pensà ² subito a male. When she was seen on the street late at night, people/one/everyone immediately thought bad things.Si pensa che sia stato lui. It is thought to have been him. Passive Venire Past Participle Sometimes in passive constructions in the present or the future, the auxiliary essere is substituted by the verb venire to give the sentence a semblance of formality, for example in the case of rules, procedures, or court orders. The sense is that of shall in English. Il bambino verrà   affidato al nonno. The child shall be placed in the care of his grandfather.Queste leggi verranno ubbidite da tutti senza eccezioni. These laws shall be obeyed without exceptions. Passive with Andare   Past Participle Andare is used a bit in the same way as venire in passive constructions—to express orders, rules, and procedures: a must in English. Le leggi vanno rispettate. The laws must be respected. I compiti vanno fatti. The homework must be done.La bambina va portata a casa di sua mamma. The child must be taken home to her mother.Le porte vanno chiuse alle ore 19:00. The doors must be closed at 7 p.m. Andare is also used in passive constructions to express loss or destruction without assigning blame or when the culprit is unknown: Le lettere andarono perse nel naufragio. The letters got lost in the shipwreck.Nellincendio andà ² distrutto tutto. Everything was destroyed in the fire. Passive with Dovere, Potere, and Volere Past Participle In passive voice constructions with the helping verbs dovere (to have to), potere (to be able to), and volere (to want), the helping verb goes before the passive auxuliary essere and the past participle: Non voglio essere portata in ospedale. I dont want to be taken to the hospital.Voglio che il bambino sia trovato subito! I want the child to be found immediately!I bambini devono essere stati portati a casa. The children must have been taken home. Il cane puà ² essere stato adottato. The dog could have been adopted. Dovere is used with passive voice in rules, orders, and ways of doing things: Il grano deve essere piantato prima di primavera. The wheat must be planted before spring.Le multe devono essere pagate prima di venerdà ¬. The fines must be paid before Friday.

The Metamorphosis Essay - 1716 Words

The Metamorphosis The longer story The Metamorphosis, first published in 1971, was written by Franz Kafka. He was born in Prague in 1883 and lived until 1924, and he has written many other stories along with The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis appears to be a fantastic piece. After reading The Metamorphosis, I do believe that there are many similarities between magical realism and fantastic literature. Kafka showed many fantastic issues in The Metamorphosis. While reading The Metamorphosis, I did not feel that it had any magical elements in the story, but had many fantastic elements. In my opinion, I think that the story did have some realist elements. For example, there was a lot of tension with the family. Although it had to do†¦show more content†¦But what is particularly found problematic is the apparent contradiction in the definition of magical realism as an amalgamation of realism and fantasy such as The Metamorphosis (129). Many things are fantasy, but now since I have learned what magical realism is, I see magical realism in The Metamorphosis. I feel that waking up and being something else is magical and a person hearing his family talking and being scared to leave his room is magical. Also, he had to learn how to walk differently, lie differently, and even eat differently. I feel that part is more magical than fantastic. The Metamorphosis did have some realist elements as well. Before Gregor Samsa turned into an insect, he was a young traveling salesman who lived with and financially supported his parents and his young sister. Another realist element I found was that it is true that insects do not like the same food we eat. Gregors food habits changed. Even though he was an insect, his sister still found the time to feed him, and when she fed him, she gave him bread and milk because that was his favorite. When Gregor went to eat it as an insect, he no longer liked the taste. He began eating scraps. He also liked staying under the furniture. All insects like to hide, and even though he went from a human to a bug, he is doing the things that an insect would naturallyShow MoreRelatedMetamorphosis In Metamorphosis847 Words   |  4 PagesMetamorphosis is often described as a change of the form or nature of a thing or a person into a completely different one, by natural or supernatural means. Gregor Sams a led an ordinary and rather mundane life as a traveling salesman who spent the majority of his time on the road with little time to form friendships or relationship with anyone outside of his small family. Once filled with gratitude by providing for his family, he is soon filled with resentment and obligation as his family adjustsRead MoreMetamorphosis By Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1496 Words   |  6 PagesIn Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis, Grete changes from a child into an adult while also trying to do the opposite with her own family. Gregor’s metamorphosis leaves her family without anybody money to pay for their needs. Consequently, Grete replaces Gregor and begins to cook and clean for her family and go to work. These jobs allow Grete to become more experienced and to mature. Similarly, Grete shows displays these changes by dressing more provocatively and becoming more interested in romance. HoweverRead More Essay on Metamorphosis of the Family in Kafkas Metamorphosis186 8 Words   |  8 PagesMetamorphosis of the Family in Kafkas Metamorphosis      Ã‚   In Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis, the nature of Gregor Samsas reality changes insignificantly in spite of his drastic physical changes. Gregors life before the metamorphosis was limited to working and caring for his family. As a traveling salesman, Gregor worked long, hard hours that left little time to experience life. He reflects on his life acknowledging the plague of traveling: the anxieties of changing trains, the irregular,Read MoreThe Metamorphosis Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka tells the story of a young man named Gregor who observes the radical changes in his life after transforming into an insect. Gregor’s life was centered on his job as a traveling salesperson and his family. One morning Gregor woke up transformed into an insect. Afraid of the transformation Gregor stays in his room and ignores calls from his family. When Gregor realized that his new body did not allow him to have a normal life, he tried to adapt. After his metamorphosisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Metamorphosis1501 Words   |  7 PagesBeveridge, A. (2009). Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 15(6), 459-461. This brief article is written from the psychiatric perspective, pointing out that Kafka has always been of great interest to the psychoanalytic community; this is because his writings have so skillfully depicted alienation, unresolved oedipal issues, and the schizoid personality disorder and The Metamorphosis is no exception to this rule. While this writer tends to think that psychiatrists shouldRead MoreThe True Metamorphosis1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka offers much to be critiqued, including the reason why Gregor Samsa was transformed into a hideous beetle. The truth is Gregor had put himself into a position of demise long ago. Over the years, he had worked himself into both physical and mental exhaustion. Gregor was the sole provider, and eventually his family grew less appreciative of him. His relationship with his family had gone south. 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Similar to that story, Camus’s The Stranger, published in 1942, details the unnecessary undoing of an Algerian man who follows his own morals, not society’s morals. Within Kafka s The Metamorphosis and Camus s The Stranger, the characters isolation in society, illogical thoughts without realRead MoreThe Trial And The Metamorphosis2538 Words   |  11 Pagesand The Metamorphosis are the two foremost works Franz Kafka has ever written. By doing this, Franz makes the similarities and differences very obvious, yet each text is complex in their own way. In The Trial and The Metamorphosis, Kafka uses unique aspects to compare the characters i n each novel. Each character is being forced by anonymous forces. They both go through loneliness to find the meaning behind their suffering. 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Technology Can We Live Without It - 1602 Words

â€Å"You’ve got mail!â€Å" Or nowadays people have the latest hit song as their messaging tone. Technology has come a long way over the past twenty years. The Internet and technology have advanced tremendously and with cell phones turning into â€Å"smartphones.† It seems people today just have it made with the world at their fingertips. The question arises: are people really using technology and the new advances that come along almost everyday the right way? Also, what kind of impact does technology had on human nature? Is it for the better or can it lead to crippling social isolation? Technology does not help human character. It separates people from nature and from themselves. Technology seems to take away people’s emotions. As human beings we†¦show more content†¦Communication does feel easier this way but it has made life more impersonal. It is as if people are too lazy or afraid of one on one or face to face conversations anymore. E-mailing one another or texting seems a lot more convenient than waiting for a phone call or letter in the mail. It seems nearly everything today is able to be accessed by cell phones or computers and people do not even have to get out of bed to go shopping, rent a movie or buy groceries. This all seems great knowing that all the answers are just a click away, but the Internet does have a side effect, it is making people extremely lazy (Bradley). Technology is an excellent way of advertising. It does seem people are posting advertisement for events, new businesses and other information and this helps â€Å"spread the word† so to speak. A facebook group was created for Betty White to host Saturday Night Live. A couple months later, she is booked on the show. Artists such as Justin Beiber and Fitz and the Tantrums were made famous by sites such as YouTube and Twitter when other famous artists â€Å"discovered† them and put them out to the world, so to speak. 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Places and Forms of Power free essay sample

I will talk in this part of the notion: Places and forms of Power. We studied in class the Commonwealth of Nations and talk about her Majesty the Queen of England as a leading thread for this notion. Also to make It differently I have chosen to take as example the Media. They are called the 4th power and Internet Is called the 5th power. Since many years the media did not stop to evolve. In fact, from paper distributed In the street or In metro, to screen, nowadays people (especially young people) are getting their news from Internet.As a consequence a lot of papers closed down. The main question is: Do Medias nowadays are a vice or a virtue? Lets talk in the first place of the negative aspects of the media, then in the second place I will talk about the positive aspect. In many countries Medias are still manipulated, giving falsified information, thus influencing your advice. We will write a custom essay sample on Places and Forms of Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover Medias are a good way to inform you but you dont eave to count on them to give you a cut-and-dried opinion.You have to develop your critical mind stepping back from what Is It said. The Medal can be very dangerous. It can destroy someones life or distort the truth to make audiences or sell tabloids. However Medals have positive aspects too. I read an article on the Boston bombings. Thanks to Medals we know that people were saved. Medias played a critical role to inform the situation immediately after a disaster. As e talked about in the previous part, Jeff Banyan saved by C.Redound in the Boston bombings received over $360. 000 in donations, thanks to the Media, to help pay the medical expenses. To conclude, nowadays Medias can be very dangerous and it is necessary to be careful on what they say. By the way it is very important to be well informed. We could say the media did not stop to evolve over the time Like our society. We could also link this evolution to another notion: The Idea of progress.

An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants and Growth Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) in Nigeria 1970 - 2008 free essay sample

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS AND GROWTH TREND OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IN NIGERIA: 1970 – 2008 BY IGUDIA, PATRICK PhD RESEARCH STUDENT IN MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN, AB24 1WU ABERDEEN MOBILE: 07423820801 EMAIL: [emailprotected] com AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS AND GROWTH TREND OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IN NIGERIA: 1970 – 2008 Abstract International capital flows have increased dramatically in recent years particularly to the sub-Saharan Africa, but their impact on Nigeria has not been so clear. Consequently, this study investigates the economic indicators that are responsible for or can influence the inflows of FDI into Nigeria as it is believed to have the capacity to lead to industrialisation and economic growth of any nation. Employing the OLS regression methodology, our results showed an impressive FDI inflow to Nigeria with occasional variability. It further revealed that there was a positive relationship between GDP, BOP, democratic government, and government expenditure and FDI while on the other hand there exists an inverse relationship between inflation, and government policies and FDI. The study proffers some recipes such as the need to improve existing political climate; reinvigorating the non-oil export activities; and the need to introduce greater depth and comprehensive review of the on-going restructuring of investment policies of government such as divesting in and privatising PHCN, NNPC and many more of their type for efficiency. 1. Introduction The importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) has long been acknowledged and discussed in academic literature worldwide. For example, it is argued that FDI has the potency to benefit developing countries in many ways including its ability to: i. Complement the unimpressive internal efforts of these nations to fill their resource gaps in order to rescue their battered economies; ii. Help to massively inject foreign capital or resources in order to generate and bring about the much needed increase in output, minimize their ever rising unemployment rate and reduce the escalating rate of inflation; and iii. Create a non-debt external resource through the acquisition of foreign technology, transformation of the structure of their domestic outputs and provide an array of goods and services to residents of the recipient countries, the diversification and expansion of the non-oil export sector of the oil dependent countries such as Nigeria, and the effective management of their external liabilities. Generally, FDI has the potency to spark an economic performance of both the host and exporting countries and spur appropriate policy frameworks. Admittedly, an underlying investment and business principle is that the movement of capital can only be undertaking by a rational investor if such investment would yield tangible returns to him given favourable financial market regulations, economic and most importantly political factors that prevail in the receiving country that will ensure the safety of life and investment. The research questions that are to be addressed by this study therefore are: 1. What are the factors that have affected the flow of FDI to Nigeria during the intervening period? 2. What are the relationships between the observed FDI inflow and the size of the Nigerian market, economic situation and the prevailing political environment? 3. Has any or all the factors either adversely or positively affected the movement of FDI to Nigeria? Foreign private investment has remarkable potentials for regenerating the economy of the importing or receiving country. This assertion is without prejudice to the arguments of scholars like Ake (1978), Oyande (1976), Ohiorhenuah (1983) who separately argued that FDI enables foreigners to dominate domestic economies, create distortions in the domestic labour market by paying higher or discriminatory wages. As a matter of fact, Nigeria between 1962 and 1986 adopted a conjecture of numerous developmental and investment policies that could be interpreted inimical or adverse to foreign investors. While the industrialising countries of Eastern Asia (the Asian Tigers) adopted an open door policy towards encouraging foreign investments, Nigeria adopted the indigenisation decree (Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree NEPD) in 1972 and thus nationalised all British concerns in Nigeria in 1975/76 for political reasons rather than economic. These had the unfortunate effect of retarding foreign investment inflows. While the country pretended to encourage foreign investment in theory and principle, it nonetheless executed policies that discouraged FDI in practice. For example, a controlled interest rate, managed and officially fixed exchange rate regimes, strict and exclusive trade policies as well as government full time and active participation in business during this review period up until the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986 provided wrong signals to potential investors hence the country recorded a low average FDI level of 0. 79 per cent between 1973 and 1989 (Anyanwu, 1998). Nigeria opened its doors, in the true sense of the word, to foreign investment beginning from 1986. SAP as a policy framework was a deliberate and desperate attempt by the then military government to combat the triple problems of hyper inflation, domestic recession and most importantly balance of payment deficit which the country was going through that together acted as disincentives to FDI inflows. These were products of the structural rigidities that characterised the pre-SAP Nigerian economy with the endemic hydra-headed corruption and outright looting of public funds by government officials. Given the anticipated positive spiral and trickle-down effects of FDI to the recipient economies it stands to reason why Nigeria in the light of her prolonged chequered economic recession and macroeconomic instability has decided to formulate and prosecute strong economic programmes such as SAP, National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), vision 2010 and now vision-20-20-20 among others to stimulate growth and development of the Nigeria’s domestic output, minimise he rate of inflation which stands at two digits presently, reduce the high unemployment level, put a lid on the rising stock of external debt after her previous debt was forgiven, acquire foreign technology and substantially reduce depreciation of /the exchange rate of the naira which has hit the rooftops in recent years. 2. Literature Review FDI is defined as the mobilization of men, money, materials and entrepreneurship across country borders mainly from the developed to the developing countries to form business concerns (Igudia, 1998). It is the flow of capital and human resources from one country to another country. The ownership of such capital can be individual, corporate bodies or government (Yakub, 2003). When viewed from the perspective of finance, FDI refers to a kind of lending in the form of equity participation (Obadan, 2004). In general, FDI involves the transfer of technology, managerial know-how, capital, personnel and marketing expertise from the country of export to the recipient country. The World Bank (1996) defines FDI as investment that enables the investor to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise in a country other than the investor’s own country with the aim of having an effective voice in the management of such an enterprise. Odozi (1995) sees foreign investment as the inflow or transfer of a package of resources including capital, technology, management, marketing expertise, reinvested earnings, equity capital or net borrowing from parent companies or affiliates into another country. Anyanwu (1998) opines that foreign direct investment means the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and both long and short-term capitals as represented in the balance of payment statement of account of the receiving country. The determinants of FDI has been variously interpreted and classified (see for example Oyeranti (2003); Akinkugbe (2003); Asiedu (2002); Anyanwu (1998); Dunning (1994); Yauri (2006)). While Akinkugbe (2003) argues that the determinants of FDI are based on some locational advantages classified as pull-factors, Asiedu (2002) argues that such factors can be classified into two – the market-seeking and non market-seeking factors. However, Anyanwu (1998) in his study broadened the classification into four as 1. The Natural Resource-seeking investment; 2. Market-seeking investment; 3. Efficiency-seeking investment; and 4. Strategic asset-seeking investment. The first two categories justify the main reasons for an initial foreign entry by a firm in whatever sector of the economy be it in the primary, secondary or tertiary sector while the other two categories represent the motives for expanding an already existing foreign investment by an established foreign investor. The efficiency-seeking investments are intended and most times lead to increase in efficiency of the activities of regional or global companies popularly called transnational corporations (TNC) by way of integrating their assets, production and markets. On the other hand, the purpose of the strategic asset-seeking investment is to acquire resources and capabilities that an investing firm believes will sustain and advance its core competencies at regional or global markets (Anyanwu, 1998). Both the efficiency-seeking and strategic asset-seeking investment modes are frequently the most swiftly way of attaining competitive advantages and market domination in their respective industries (Wendt, 1993). However, these classifications are underpinned by what may be termed raison d’etre: the reason to invest in another man’s country is rather predicated on some salient underlying justifications which are predominantly economic with fewer political undertones. All of these categories are represented in table 1. Table 2. 1: Underlying Justification for FDI S/No| Type/Nature of Investment | Raison d’etre (Underlying Driver or Justification)| 1| Natural Resource-Seeking * Human Resources i. Men (labour) ii. Entrepreneurship * Physical Resources i. Money ii. Material iii. Technology | Include all reasons that spur the initial need to undertake foreign direct investment including domestic demand (large market and high income), profit maximization and cost minimization. 2| Market-Seeking * International Markets * Regional Markets * Domestic Markets| In addition to (1) above, the reasons here include, among others, the need to either create or expand an already existing market for a bigger coverage and representation. | 3| Efficiency-SeekingGeared towards creating and exploiting the economies of efficiency * Across Product * Along Process | To integrate assets, production and markets across countries by establishing Trans-National Corporations and benefitting from he cost-cutting measures d erivable from the efficiency of specialisation. | 4| Strategic Asset-SeekingTo create assets with foreign network outlook at regional or global level underpinning through * Market domination * Strategically developed Technology * Improved organisational capabilities | Here, the reasons include (3) above in addition to, among others, the need to acquire resources and capabilities to advance competencies at regional or global level. | Sources: Adapted from Dunning (1994) and Anyanwu (1998). Although opinions are divided among foreign investment theorists and analysts as to the actual benefits derivable from foreign investment by the recipient country/economy, there seems to be consensus that before a foreign investor decides to commit his or her money in a country order than his/her own, there must be in existence some motivating factors. In this wise, FDI as an issue of industrial organisation, is most likely to be undertaking if there is an ownership specific advantage. Thus, Dunning (1994) has argued that foreign private investment (FPI) is most likely if firms: 1. Possess ownership-specific advantages relative to the host country’s firms in sourcing markets; 2. Find it profitable to use these ownership-specific advantages themselves rather than to lease them to the host firms; and 3. Find it profitable to utilise their ownership-specific advantages in the host country rather than at home. This argument is an allusion to the fact that FDI is possible only when certain factors and conditions as listed above present themselves. Other writers either based on time series or cross sectional data for both developed and developing countries, (see Banga (2003); Obwona (1997); Tae-Hyon (1995); Leftwich (1973); Papanek (1973); Anyanwu (1998)) have argued that there are minimum economic and political factors that determine and act as incentives for the inflow of foreign investments into a country from abroad. For a foreigner to invest in a given country there must be in place a wide range of factors in the host country which Obwona (1997) listed to include; i. Availability and low cost of natural and human resources ii. Adequate infrastructure and support facilities iii. Large market size iv. Trade policy and other policies that affect macroeconomic stability v. Economic growth and development vi. Political stability In his argument, Tae-Hyon (1995) affirms that factors such as low inflationary pressure, stable exchange rate, liberalised interest rate and democratisation of a country’s policy are capable of positively influencing foreign investment into a country. He demonstrated how the capital inflow in Korea grew tremendously by over 501. 5 per cent in the 1970s due to sizeable market, rapidly growing GNP, a developed and productive infrastructure, an efficient and disciplined labour force, the abolishment of free export zones, and other policies in favour of investors in the local, heavy and chemical industries. Leftwich (1973) in an empirical investigation of the trend and determinants of foreign direct investment in the United States of America for the period 1962-1971 submits that of the three factors used, the size of the market of the host country contributed largely to FDI inflow while the rate of growth of the market and level of tariffs in the host country though contributed were not as significant as the former. Some of the benefits from FDI include the roles it plays in the process of raising aggregate investment in the receiving country at least in the short run. It has been argued that consistent and managed inflows of foreign investment provides an important source of foreign exchange earnings needed to supplement domestic savings and eventually augment local investment level (Chete, 1998). Writing in the same vein, Obadan (2004) argues that FDI has the potential to address the host country’s constraints of low levels of domestic investment and foreign exchange shortages. The fact is that inflows of foreign investment can only bring in foreign exchange, supplement domestic industries and reduce import bills if and only if such inflows are properly and well managed. Foreign investment also indirectly helps to regenerate the local economy of the host country through spurring increased investment in the local industries and by implication increase their capability to earn foreign exchange. Finally, Feldstein (2000), Loungani and Razin (2001) and Razin and Sadka (2002) noted that FDI actually increases the quantum of investments in and growth of the host country’s economy through the gains the host country derives from FDI. These are in the form of: i. Transfer of technology through new varieties of capital inputs which ordinarily cannot be achieved through either financial investments or trade in goods and services. ii. Human capital development which is gained through the training of employees in the course of operating the new businesses iii. Revenue generation through corporate tax and increase in GDP from the productive activities of the established companies. 3. Model Specifications Several authors have identified a number of factors that determine FDI {see Yakub (2005), Obadan (2004), Oyeranti (2003), Aremu (2003), Saggi (2002)}. Though these factors vary from author to author and from country to country, this particular study seeks to utilize some of these already identified factors to see if our results for Nigeria for the period under review will corroborate the findings of these previous writers. Nigeria has several features capable of attracting foreign investment inflows. For example, her large and virile population makes her a vastly attractive market (Odozi, 1995). She equally has abundant human and material resources including cheap labour and most recently political stability in the form of democratic governance. There is a consensus among development and political economists that a country that is stable politically has high prospects of attracting FDI. How stable a country’s polity is can be determined by several factors including the rate and nature of change of government in terms of number of coup d’etat, the rate of civil unrest and wars, the number of intra and inter-ethnic conflicts and so on. Several variables have been selected for empirical analysis in this study. One of such is the gross domestic product (GDP). It is used here as proxy for market size and level of economic development. This is in agreement with the general argument that GDP to a large extent determines the resource position and size of a nation’s market because of its ability and fluidity to allow for economies of scale (Anyanwu, 1998). Other factors included in this study are balance of trade (BOT), government expenditure, democratic government and government policy instruments. BOT measures the difference between imports and exports. As Fry (1983) puts it, a high BOT can discourage government from pursuing policies that are foreign investment friendly while low BOT encourages FDI. This might explain why the Nigerian government had in the past remained closed and uninterested on the issue of capital and income repatriation by foreigners because she enjoyed relative favourable BOT. With regard to democratic government, Odozi (1995), Anyanwu (1998) and Papanek (1992) separately argued that it measures the number of coup d’etats, ethnic conflicts or violence, wars and the type of governance which individually and collectively can determine the volume of FDI flows. Government policy options are qualitative in nature and as such we have assigned dummy values. For democratic government, the dummy value of zero (0) has been assigned to the periods of political interregnum while one (1) is assigned to years of democratic rule. Consequently, the years between 1979 and 1983, and 1999 and 2010 being periods of democratic rule have dummy one (1) while dummy zero (0) is assigned to the years/events between 1970 and 1978, and between 1984 and 1998 being periods of coup d’etats and military rule. For government policy regulations, dummy one (1) is assigned to 1982 and 1993 (period of stabilisation and SAP) and 1999 and 2010 (period of intense liberalisation and privatisation) while other years outside these periods shall be assigned zero (0). To facilitate our empirical analysis, the following statistical connotation need to be further expressed and defined. FDI = Foreign Direct Investment GDP = Gross Domestic Product BOT = Balance of Trade INF = Inflation GOVTEXP = Government Expenditure GOVTPol = Government Policy Dummy DEMGOVT = Democratic Government Dummy . 2. Regression Models Despite its various shortcomings, the simple regression equations as shown below have been employed to show the individual contributions of the separate factors to the facilitation of FDI inflows to Nigeria. Given the above, the models exhibit some linearity between the dependent variable (FDI) and the explanatory variables in line with the ‘naive’ Keynesian textbook model. Thus, our a priori expected signs are as follows: 4. Presentation and Analysis of Data 4. 1. Trend Analysis of Absolute Inflows of Private Capital to Nigeria (1970 – 2008) Table 2 presents Nigeria’s cumulative FDI flows for the period 1970 – 2008. It shows that gross FDI inflow rose stupendously in absolute terms from #251. 0 million in 1970 to an all time high of #54,254. 2 million in 2007 representing 216. 15 fold increases. However, with #37,777. 7 million in 2008, the rate of increase between 1970 and 2008 was 150. 51 fold increases. In the first decade (1970 – 1979), FDI inflows increased by a multiple of 280. 48% in absolute terms. Also in absolute terms, the second, third and forth decades recorded increases of 596. 73%, 38. 62%, 2310. 64%. However, all through the review period FDI inflows fluctuated and showed high variability particularly between 1981 and 2002 due mainly to some political turbulence and upheavals such as the anti-SAP and June-12 riots and adverse government policies. Generally, FDI inflows showed some relatively impressive increases in 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2006 and 2007 in no particular order. Table 2: Flow of Non-Oil Foreign Private Capital in Nigeria from 1970 – 2008 (#’Million) Year| Total Inflow| Total Outflow| Total Net-flow| 1970| 251. 0| 129. 4| 121. 6| 1971| 489. 6| 170. 0| 319. 6| 1972| 432. 8| 184. 5| 248. 3| 973| 577. 8| 385. 2| 192. 6| 1974| 507. 1| 458. 8| 48. 3| 1975| 757. 4| 282. 0| 475. 4| 1976| 521. 1| 474. 8| 46. 3| 1977| 717. 3| 519. 7| 197. 6| 1978| 664. 7| 332. 9| 331. 8| 1979| 704. 0| 414. 1| 289. 9| 1980| 786. 4| 319. 4| 467. 0| 1981| 584. 9| 447. 1| 137. 8| 1982| 2,193. 4| 568. 5| 1,624. 9| 1983| 1,673. 6| 1,116. 9| 556. 7| 1984| 1,385. 3| 850. 5| 534. 8| 1985 | 1,423. 5| 1,093. 8| 329. 7| 1986| 4,024. 0| 1,524. 4| 2,499. 6| 1987| 5,110. 8| 4,430. 8| 680. 0| 1988| 6,236. 7| 4,891. 1| 1,345. 6| 1989| 4,692. 7| 5,132. 1| (439. 4)| 1990| 10,450. 2| 10,914. | (464. 3)| 1991| 5,610. 2| 3,802. 2| 1,808. 0| 1992| 11,730. 7| 3,461. 5| 8,269. 2| 1993| 42,624. 9| 9,630. 5| 32. 994. 4| 1994| 7,825. 5| 3,918. 3| 3,907. 2| 1995| 55,999. 3| 7,322. 3| 48,677. 0| 1996| 5,672. 9| 2,941. 9| 2,731. 0| 1997| 10,004. 0| 4,275. 0| 5,731. 0| 1998| 32,434. 5| 8,355. 6| 24,078. 9| 1999| 4,035. 5| 2,256. 4| 1,779. 1| 2000| 16,453. 6| 13,106. 6| 3,347. 0| 2001| 4,937. 0| 1,560. 0| 3,377. 0| 2002| 8,988. 5| 781. 7| 8,206. 8| 2003| 13,531. 2| 475. 1| 13,056. 1| 2004| 20,064. 4| 155. 7| 19,908. 7| 2005| 26,083. 7| 202. 4| 25,881. | 2006| 41,734. 0| 263. 1| 41,470. 7| 2007| 54,254. 2| 328. 8| 53,924. 8| 2008/1| 37,977. 7| 4,362. 5| 33,615. 2| /1 = Provisional Source: Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2008 (50 Years Special Anniversary Edition) Table 3 revea ls that FDI in Nigeria was once dominated by companies from the UK up till 1992. In 1993, companies from Western Europe took lead, followed by those from the USA. The dominance of FDI by Western Europe has remained till now (2008). The next in lead was the USA up until 1997. By 1998, U. K. took over the second position followed by USA and other countries in that order. This fluctuation was dictated by these countries’ foreign policies in relation to their perceive opinions of the foreign policy direction of the Nigeria. Table 3: Cumulative FDI in Nigeria by Country of Origin Year| United Kingdom| United States| Western Europe| Others| Total (#’Million)| | Amount(#’Million)| %| Amount(#’Million)| %| Amount(#’Million)| %| Amount(#’Million)| %| | 1970| 444. 4| 44. 3| 230. 0| 22. 9| 224. 8| 22. 4| 104. 0| 10. 4| 1,003. 2| 1971| 592. 0| 44. 8| 337. 4| 25. 5| 261. 0| 19. 7| 132. 4| 10. 0| 1,322. 8| 1972| 769. 7| 49. 0| 286. 6| 18. 2| 367. 0| 23. 4| 147. 8| 9. 4| 1,571. 1| 1973| 860. | 48. 8| 308. 0| 17. 5| 415. 2| 23. 5| 179. 6| 10. 2| 1,763. 7| 1974| 832. 8| 46. 0| 300. 0| 16. 6| 459. 8| 25. 4| 219. 5| 12. 1| 1,812. 1| 1975| 857. 5| 37. 5| 535. 2| 23. 4| 590. 1| 25. 8| 304. 7| 13. 3| 2,287. 5| 1976| 947. 2| 40. 5| 376. 2| 16. 1| 653. 1| 27. 9| 362. 5| 15. 5| 2,339. 0| 1977| 1,072. 8| 42. 4| 287. 2| 11. 3| 739. 0 | 29. 2| 432. 4| 17. 1| 2,531. 4| 1978| 1,195. 3| 41. 7| 342. 4| 12. 0| 847. 6| 29. 6| 477. 9| 16. 7| 2,863. 2| 1979| 1,103. 6| 35. 0| 565. 8| 17. 9| 976. 0| 31. 0| 507. 7| 16. 1| 3,153. 1| 1980| 1,421. 8| 39. 3| 566. 2| 15. 0| 1,107. 2| 30. 6| 524. 9| 14. 5| 3,620. | 1981| 1,429. 2| 38. 0| 438. 6| 11. 7| 1,350. 0| 35. 9| 540. 1| 14. 4| 3,757. 9| 1982| 1,993. 8| 37. 0| 1,171. 6| 21. 8| 1,557. 6| 28. 9| 659. 8| 12. 3| 5,382. 8| 1983| 2,606. 8| 43. 8| 873. 0| 16. 4| 1,684. 2| 28. 3| 685. 5| 11. 5| 5,949. 5| 1984| 3,043. 4| 47. 4| 964. 9| 15. 0| 1,659. 1| 25. 8| 750. 9| 11. 7| 6,418. 3| 1985| 3,594. 2| 52. 8| 860. 2| 12. 6| 1,601. 1| 23. 5| 748. 5| 11. 0| 6,804. 0| 1986| 5,073. 9| 54. 5| 1,381. 5| 14. 8| 1,828. 9| 19. 6| 1,029. 3| 11. 1| 9,313. 6| 1987| 5,508. 1| 55. 1| 1,198. 5| 12. 0| 2,053. 4| 20. 5| 1,233. 6| 12. 3| 9,993. 6| 1988| 4,724. 9| 41. 7| 2,734. | 24. 1| 2,512. 8| 22. 2| 1,366. 7| 12. 1| 11,339. 2| 1989| 6,254. 3| 57. 4| 642. 8| 5. 6| 2,440. 6| 22. 4| 1,561. 9| 14. 3| 10, 899. 6| 1990| 6,828. 6| 65. 4| 209. 3| 2. 0| 1,509. 7| 14. 5| 1,888. 5| 18. 1| 10,436. 1| 1991| 7,247. 6| 59. 2| (826. 7)| (6. 8)| 2,840. 1| 23. 2| 2,982. 3| 24. 4| 12,243. 5| 1992| 7,808. 0| 38. 1| 6,010. 1| 29. 3| 3,587. 1| 17. 5| 3,107. 4| 15. 1| 20,512. 7| 1993| 11,441. 3| 17. 1| 12,051. 8| 18. 0| 39,445. 8| 59. 0| 3,848. 1| 5. 4| 66,787. 0| 1994| 12,578. 0| 17. 8| 13,439. 4| 19. 0| 39,178. 4| 55. 4| 5,518. 8| 7. 8| 70,714. 6| 1995| 15,794. 1| 13. | 18,482. 9| 15. 5| 77,463. 4| 64. 9| 7,651. 3| 6. 4| 119,391. 6| 1996| 16,988. 9| 13. 9| 18,673. 2| 15. 2| 78,712. 7| 64. 5| 8,226. 2| 6. 7| 122,600. 9| 1997| 17,221. 5| 13. 4| 22,442. 0| 17. 5| 80,150. 3| 62. 4| 8,518. 2| 6. 8| 128,331. 8| 1998| 31,367. 9| 20. 6| 21,573. 6| 14. 2| 82,279. 2| 54. 0| 17,171. 8| 11. 3| 152,409. 6| 1999| 32,603. 5| 21. 1| 20,084. 1| 13. 0| 83,558. 3| 54. 2| 17,942. 7| 11. 6| 154,188. 6| 2000| 32,779. 3| 20. 8| 21,939. 6| 13. 9| 84,466. 1| 53. 6| 18,350. 4| 11. 7| 157,535. 4| 2001| 35,452. 3| 22. 0| 22,62 6. 6| 14. 1| 86,175. 1| 52. 5| 19,089. 4| 11. 8| 162,343. | 2002| 36,841. 4| 22. 1| 22,446. 9| 13. 5| 86,324. 4| 51. 8| 21,818. 9| 12. 6| 166,631. 6| 2003| 41,765. 6| 23. 4| 25,364. 8| 14. 2| 88,287. 9| 49. 5| 23,059. 7| 12. 6| 178,478. 0| 2004| 48,972. 1| 19. 7| 28,350. 9| 11. 4| 91,452. 2| 36. 1| 80,545. 4| 32. 4| 249,220. 6| 2005| 58,218. 2| 21. 6| 32,087. 5| 11. 9| 95,018. 1| 35. 2| 84,520. 9| 31. 3| 269,844. 7| 2006| 73,012. 0| 24. 1| 38,066. 0| 12. 6| 100,883. 5| 33. 3| 90,881. 8| 30. 0| 302,843. 3| 2007| 87,614. 4| 24. 1| 46,440. 5| 12. 8| 119,077. 8| 32. 7| 110,875. 8| 30. 5| 364,008. 5| 2008/1| 100,030. 7| 25. 2| 50,786. 6| 12. 9| 124,077. | 31. 2| 122,500. 6| 30. 8| 397,395. 2| /1 = Provisional Source: Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2008 (50 Years Special Anniversary Edition) Table 3 showcases the cumulative levels of net FDI in Nigeria by country of origin. From the 1970 value of #1,003. 2 million, the cumulative FDI in Nigeria rose stupendously to #397,395 . 2 million in 2008 in absolute terms representing an increase of 39,612. 76% increase over the 29 year period. There has been a consistent increase in the cumulative FDI despite the recorded fluctuations or decline in the percentages invested by the various countries. The point is that what is lost by a country is made up for by other countries thus maintaining the observed consistent increases. Table 4: Cumulative FDI in Nigeria Analysed by Type of Activity (#’Million) Year| Mining Quarrying| ManufacturingProcessing| Agriculture,Forestry Fishery| Transport Communication| BuildingConstruction| Trade BusinessServices| MiscellaneousServices| FDIGrand Total| 1970| 515. 4| 224. 8| 11. 2| 13. 8| 13. 8| 206. 6| 17. 6| 1,003. 2| 1971| 694. 0| 378. 8| 15. 4| 12. 0| 15. 4| 187. 2| 20. 0| 1,322. 8| 1972| 859. 7| 356. 6| 9. 4| 12. 2| 34. 3| 242. 7| 56. 2| 1,571. 1| 1973| 925. | 409. 0| 7. 4| 11. 6| 45. 0| 294. 7| 70. 2| 1,763. 7| 1974| 818. 1| 520. 4| 20. 7| 21. 9| 64. 2| 321. 3| 45. 5| 1,812. 1| 1975| 959. 6| 506. 2| 19. 2| 22. 8| 111. 2| 572. 4| 96. 1| 2,287. 5| 1976| 918. 9| 550. 7| 21. 9| 16. 2| 122. 5| 624. 8| 84. 0| 2,339. 0| 1977| 1,090. 8| 703. 8| 75. 0| 30. 6| 121. 4| 365. 5| 144. 3| 2,531. 4| 1978| 421. 3| 1,263. 4| 117. 6| 55. 6| 224. 3| 52 2. 5| 258. 5| 2,863. 2| 1979| 466. 8| 1,402. 5| 120. 8| 60. 5| 294. 3| 550. 5| 257. 7| 3,153. 1| 1980| 677. 4| 1,503. 9| 120. 5| 62. 2| 307. 8| 693. 2| 255. 1| 3,620. 1| 1981| 526. 0| 1,705. 7| 120. 5| 60. 8| 325. 9| 767. | 251. 8| 3,757. 9| 1982| 974. 0| 1,922. 5| 120. 5| 68. 9| 422. 5| 1,483. 6| 390. 8| 5,382. 8| 1983| 511. 2| 2,128. 1| 127. 8| 77. 3| 443. 9| 2,274. 9| 386. 3| 5,949. 5| 1984| 702. 8| 2,109. 3| 128. 5| 80. 6| 439. 0| 2,622. 5| 335. 6| 6,418. 3| 1985| 744. 0| 2,278. 1| 126. 0| 85. 9| 453. 2| 2,697. 9| 418. 9| 6,804. 0| 1986| 2,510. 4| 2,810. 2| 128. 2| 80. 4| 501. 6| 2,753. 0| 529. 8| 9,313. 6| 1987| 2,260. 2| 3,122. 3| 117. 3| 75. 6| 462. 6| 3,396. 5| 559. 1| 9,993. 6| 1988| 3,403. 0| 3,637. 0| 128. 9| 160. 6| 492. 7| 3,133. 7| 383. 3| 1,339. 2| 1989| 636. 7| 5,406. 4| 134. 8| 158. 2| 481. | 3,497. 2| 584. 7| 10,899. 6| 1990| 1,091. 6| 6,339. 0| 334. 7| 240. 5| 743. 6| 1,710. 4| (23. 7)| 10,436. 1| 1991| (810. 0)| 8,692. 4| 382. 8| 373. 2| 1,471. 6| 1,452. 2| 682. 0| 1 2,243. 5| 1992| 6,417. 2| 9,746. 3| 386. 4| 391. 5| 1,406. 6| 1,482. 5| 682. 2| 20,512. 7| 1993| 27,686. 9| 12,885. 1| 1,214. 9| 426. 4| 71. 2| 1,864. 5| 22,638. 0| 66,787. 0| 1994| 26,680. 0| 14,059. 9| 1,208. 5| 429. 6| 1,707. 0| 2,247. 6| 24,381. 1| 70,714. 6| 1995| 56,747. 3| 27,668. 8| 1,2090| 374. 8| 1,553. 0| 2,990. 7| 28,848. 0| 119,391. 6| 1996| 56,792. 3| 29,814. 3| 1,2090| 485. 6| 1,864. 3| 3,668. 7| 28,766. | 122,600. 9| 1997| 59,221. 4| 31,297. 2| 1,2090| 672. 6| 1,259. 8| 3,625. 7| 31,046. 2| 128,331. 8| 1998| 59,970. 5| 34,503. 9| 1,2090| 689. 2| 3,888. 3| 10,460. 5| 41,689. 5| 152,409. 6| 1999| 58,855. 4| 36,282. 1| 1,2090| 820. 3| 3,995. 9| 10,927. 3| 42,100. 4| 154,188. 6| 2000| 60,710. 9| 37,333. 6| 1,2090| 820. 3| 3,995. 9| 11,201. 3| 42,237. 6| 157,535. 4| 2001| 61,611. 9| 37,779. 6| 1,2090| 955. 3| 4,211. 9| 12,016. 3| 43,657. 6| 162,343. 4| 2002| 61,611. 9| 39,953. 6| 1,2090| 1,736. 3| 4,293. 9| 12,317. 3| 45,509. 6| 166,631. 6| 2003| 61,809. 1| 45,719. 4 | 1,2090| 2,890. 5| 4,545. 8| 14,457. 3| 49,056. | 178,478. 0| 2004| 61,145. 7| 102,995. 8| 1,2090| 4,281. 1| 5,194. 1| 20,242. 4| 53,571. 2| 249,220. 6| 2005| 80,789. 4| 133,894. 5| 1,2090| 5,565. 4| 6,713. 3| 26,315. 1| 69,642. 6| 269,844. 7| 2006| 105,668. 4| 212,729. 4| 1,209. 0| 8,291. 0| 10,461. 1| 41,309. 3| 102,780. 0| 302,843. 3| 2007| 132,085. 5| 219,512. 0| 1,329. 9| 10,758. 2| 12,030. 2| 47,505. 7| 129,277. 1| 364,008. 5| 2008/1| 140,497. 1| 229,764. 6| 1,397. 2| 11,383. 3| 12,702. 5| 50,194. 9| 140,370. 1| 397,395. 2| /1 = Provisional Source: Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2005 and 2008 (50 Years Special Anniversary Edition) Table 4 shows how FDI has been distributed among the seven sectors of the economy. The investment levels of all the sectors increased during our review period with each sector having its particular boom and recessed periods depending on the policies of government. However, substantial increases were noticed beginning from 1993 in all the sub-sectors with no particular trend observed or be traced to any particular sector during the period except for miscellaneous services, Mining Quarrying and Manufacturing Processing which showed higher percentage increases at some points. Table 5: Components of Net Capital Flow by Country of Origin from 1970 – 2008 (#’Million) Year| United Kingdom| United States of America| Western Europe| Others| Total | 1970| 47. 4| 26. 4| 29. 6| 18. 2| 121. 6| 1971| 147. 6| 107. 4| 36. 2| 28. 4| 319. 6| 1972| 177. 7| (50. 7)| 106. 0| 15. 3| 248. 3| 1973| 91. 2| 21. 3| 48. 2| 31. 9| 192. 6| 1974| (28. 1)| (7. 9)| 44. 6| 39. 7| 48. 3| 1975| 24. 7| 235. 2| 130. 3| 85. 2| 475. 4| 1976| 84. 5| (159. 0)| 62. 9| 57. 9| 46. 3| 1977| 130. 8| (89. 0)| 85. 9| 69. 9| 197. 6| 1978| 122. 5| 55. 2| 108. 6| 45. 5| 331. 8| 1979| (91. 7)| 223. 4| 128. 4| 29. 8| 289. 9| 980| 318. 2| 0. 4| 131. 2| 17. 2| 467. 0| 1981| 7. 4| (128. 1)| 242. 8| 15. 2| 137. 3| 1982| 564. 6| 733. 0| 207. 6| 119. 7| 1,624. 9| 1983| 615. 0| (200. 6)| 116. 6| 25. 7| 556. 7| 1984| 500. 0| (6. 1)| (25. 1)| 65. 4| 534. 8| 1985| 484. 8| (94. 7)| (59. 0)| (2. 4)| 329. 7| 1986| 1,479. 7| 511. 3| 227. 8| 280. 8| 2,499. 6| 1987| 434. 2| (183. 0)| 224. 5| 204. 3| 680. 0| 1988| (783. 2)| 1,536. 3| 459. 4| 133. 1| 1,345. 6| 1989| 1,529. 6| (2,092. 0)| (72. 2)| 195. 2| (439. 4)| 1990| 573. 5| (433. 5)| (930. 9)| 326. 6| (464. 3)| 1991| 419. 5| (1,035. 9)| 1,330. 2| 1,094. 2| 1,808. 0| 1992| 560. 4| 6,836. | 747. 4| 124. 5| 8,269. 2| 1993| 3,633. 3| 6,041. 8| 22,558. 2| 761. 1| 32,994. 4| 1994| 1,136. 7| 1,387. 6| (267. 4)| 1,650. 3| 3,907. 2| 1995| 3,216. 1| 5,043. 5| 38,285. 0| 2,132. 5| 48,677. 0| 1996| 1,194. 8| (288. 2)| 1,249. 4| 575. 0| 2,731. 0| 1997| 232. 6| 3,768. 7| 1,437. 6| 292. 0| 5,730. 9| 1998| 14,146. 4| (868. 4)| 2,147. 0| 8,653. 8| 24,078. 8| 1999| 1,235. 6| (1,489. 5)| 1,261. 0| 771. 9| 1,779. 1| 2000| 175. 8| 1,885. 6| 907. 7| 407. 9| 3,347. 0| 2001| 2,673. 7| (490. 0)| 738. 9| 451. 0| 3,377. 0| 2002| 4,027. 9| 1,761. 2| 1,300. 3| 1,116. 1| 8,205. 5| 2003| 6,045. 6| 2,918. 4| 2,161. | 1,930. 7| 13,056. 5| 2004| 7,206. 6| 2,986. 6| 3,065. 0| 6,650. 9| 19,909. 1| 2005| 9,368. 6| 3,882. 6| 3,984. 5| 8,646. 2| 25,881. 8| 2006| 14,989. 7| 6,212. 1| 6,375. 2| 13,893. 8| 41,470. 8| 2007| 19,620. 3| 8,085. 4| 8,369. 1| 17,967. 1| 54,041. 9| 2008/1| 12,590. 0| 3,103. 4| 6,006. 1| 11,958. 1| 33,657. 6| /1 = Provisional Source: Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2008 (50 Years Special Anniversary Edition) 4. 2. Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Regression Results Model one is consistent with our a priori expectation of a positive relationship between GDP and FDI. The results show that the regression coefficient of GDP is 0. 017892 which implies that this quantity of increase in GDP yields a one unit increase in FDI. In other words, if GDP increases or changes by say about eighteen thousand naira (#18,000), FDP would increase or change in sympathy by a whopping one million naira (#1,000,000). This means that over our review period, GDP impacted so much on the inflows of FDI to the country. 1. FDI = 233690. 0 + 0. 017892GDP + Â µ (63399. 9) (0. 0039501) Note: The figures in parenthesis in the fitted estimated model are the standard errors. R2 = 0. 98270 DW = d* = 1. 778 @ 5% Significance level t* = 3. 476 tt(0. 0025) = 2. 042 at 5% significance level The test of goodness of fit shows that the coefficient of determination (R2) is equal to 0. 98270. These results reveal that 98. 3 per cent of the total increases in FDI are explained by the increases in GDP. The test of significance of the parameter estimate employing a 5% significance level usin g a two-tail test shows that our GDP is statistically significant in explaining the increases in FDI over the review period as the calculated t-test vale of 3. 48 is greater than the tabulated t-statistics value of 2. 04. 2. FDI = 55815. 2 + 0. 1295BOT + Â µ (12001. 4) (0. 018954) Note: The figures in parenthesis in the fitted estimated model are the standard errors. Model two is consistent with our a priori expectation and it shows that a 0. 11298 increase in BOT spurs a one per cent increase in FDI. In other words, if BOT increases or changes by one hundred and twelve thousand, nine hundred and fifty naira (#112,950), FDI would in sympathy increase or change by one million naira (#1,000,000). R2 = 0. 49660 DW = d* = 0. 20697 @ 5% Significance level t* = 5. 9593 tt(0. 0025) = 2. 042 at 5% significance level From the result of the goodness of fit, R2 = 0. 9660. Therefore, the total variation in FDI as a result of the variation in BOT is 49. 7 per cent. Employing a two-tail test at 5% level of significance with the degree of freedom of 37, the t-test shows that BOT is statistically significant in explaining the quantity of FDI that came into this country during the review period as t* = 5. 96 tt = 2. 04. 3. FDI = 87710. 9 699. 78INF + Â µ (25534. 4) (987. 08) Note: The figures in parenthesis in the fitted estimated model are the standard errors. R2 = 0. 013769 DW = d* = 0. 059708 @ 5% Significance level t* = -0. 70895 tt(0. 0025) = 2. 42 at 5% significance level Model three is inconsistent with our a priori expectation of positive relationship between inflation and FDI. The result reveals that a decrease of INF by 699. 8 units causes the FDI to increase by one unit. This means that there is an inverse relationship between Inflation and FDI. The result also reveals that the proportion of the increase or change observed in FDI over the review period as a result of changes in Inflation was approximately 1. 4 per cent. The t-test result shows that inflation was statistically insignificant in explaining the inflow of FDI during this period as t* = -0. 09 tt = 2. 04. 4. FDI = 14436. 1 + 0. 15665GOVTEXP + Â µ (4784. 3) (0. 0066827) Note: The figures in parenthesis in the fitted estimated model are the standard errors. R2 = 0. 93851 DW = d* = 0. 78725 @ 5% Significance level t* = 23. 44101 tt(0. 0025) = 2. 042 at 5% significance level Model 4 is a test result of the relationship between government expenditure and FDI. The result is consistent with our a priori expectation of positive relationship between FDI and government expenditure. A unit increase in FDI is as a result of every 0. 157 increase in government expenditure. In other words, if government expenditure increases or changes by one hundred and fifty-six thousand, six hundred and fifty naira (#156,650), FDI would in sympathy increase or change by one million naira (#1,000,000). The coefficient of determination R2 yielded 0. 93851 meaning that the proportion of the total increases in FDI observed during the review period is explained by a unit increase in government expenditure. The result of the t-test equally reveals that government expenditure is statistically significant in explaining the inflows of FDI to Nigeria during the period as t* = 23. 44 tt = 2. 04. 5. FDI = 32320. + 112462. 3DEMGOVT + Â µ (17178. 1) (28301. 1) Note: The figures in parenthesis in the fitted estimated model are the standard errors. R2 = 0. 30490 DW = d* = 0. 20895 @ 5% Significance level t* = 3. 97381 tt(0. 0025) = 2. 042 at 5% significance level Model five is consistent with our a priori expectation and it shows that a 112462. 3 increase in democratic government spurs a one unit increase in FDI. In other words, democratic governance causes a greater inflow of FDI. From the results, there was higher inflow of FDI during the period of democratic government in Nigeria than the military period over the review period. From the result of the goodness of fit, R2 = 0. 30490. Therefore, the total variation in FDI as a result of the variation in government is 30. 5 per cent. Employing a two-tail test at 5% level of significance with the degree of freedom of 37, the t-test shows that democratic government was statistically significant in explaining the quantity of FDI that came into this country during the review period as t* = 3. 97 tt = 2. 04. 6. FDI = -11263. 5 5350. 6GOVTPol + Â µ (24969. 4) (6419. 2) Note: The figures in parenthesis in the fitted estimated model are the standard errors. R2 = 0. 7842 DW = d* = 1. 9087 @ 5% Significance level t* = -0. 83354 tt(0. 0025) = 2. 042 at 5% significance level Model six is inconsistent with our a priori expectation of positive relationship between government policies and FDI. In this model, there is an inverse relationship between government policies and FDI. The result reveals that an unfavourable change in government policies causes the FDI to change al so. The result also reveals that the proportion of the increase or change observed in FDI over the review period as a result of changes in government policies was approximately 97. 8 per cent. The t-test result shows that government policy was statistically insignificant in explaining the inflow of FDI during this period as t* = -0. 834 tt = 2. 04. In line with the findings of studies conducted at various times by previous writers (see for example Chete, 1998; Obadan, 2004; Oyeranti, 2003; Akinkugbe, 2003; Asiedu, 2002; Anyanwu, 1998; Dunning, 1994; Yauri, 2006), this study finds that the GDP, BOT, democratic government and government expenditure contributed immensely and were statistically significant in explaining the inflow of FDI in Nigeria over the period under review. Conversely, government policies and inflation exhibited inverse relationship with FDI and proved to be statistically insignificant to the observed growth in FDI over the period. The former can be justified, inter alia, by the increases in the level of economic activities including ICT. It can also be explained by some pragmatic economic reforms undertaken in the banking sector by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) which is gradually winning back the confidence of investors. There is equally the issue of relative stable polity (government) beginning from 1999 as supported by the result of our regression analysis. Government during the period under study took stringent steps at removing trade barriers by consummating the privatization and commercialisation policies as enshrined in the SAP-project. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations In this study, we have established that GDP as proxy for economic growth, government expenditure, BOT and democratic government had positive influences on FDI inflows. We have also demonstrated that inflation and government policies exhibited inverse relationships with FDI. The reasons for these two scenarios have also been highlighted. Admittedly, our findings corroborate the findings of previous studies as listed earlier. Based on our findings, we recommend that the present administration of President Jonathan must improve on the existing political climate as a matter of urgency and establish a conducive environment that is investment friendly which is devoid of arson, terrorism and bomb blast as is currently the case in the northern part of Nigeria if the country is to sustain and build on the present temple of enthusiasm and gains already achieved. Government must encourage and use appropriate policies to redirect the FDI inflows to the real sectors of the economy rather than the service and consumer goods subsectors as is the present case. It is only by so doing that Nigeria can accumulate capital formation and re-engineer the productive sector of the economy. Government needs to be more consistent with its policy formulation and execution as this has the potency and capacity to either increase or wane the level of confidence of would-be foreign investors. Finally, there is the need for government to diversify the economy, reinvigorate the non-oil export activities and undertake a comprehensive review of the on-going restructuring of investment policies of government so as to divesting and privatising PHCN, NNPC and many more of their type for efficiency and eliminate wastage in our public enterprises. References Ake, C. (1978), Revolutionary Pressures in Africa, Zed Press, London. Akinkugbe, O. (2003), Flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Hitherto Neglected Developing Countries, Wider Discussion Paper Vol. 2. Anyanwu, J. C. 1998), An Econometric Investigation of the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria, (eds) Rekindling Investment for Economic Development in Nigeria, The Nigerian Economic Society’s Annual Conference Papers. Aremu, J. A. (2003), An Overview of Foreign Private Investment in Nigeria, in Nnanna, O. 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Appendix 1 Factors used in the Regress ion Analysis of the Determinants of FDI in Nigeria Between 1970 2008 Year| FDI(#’ Million)/4| GDP(#’ Million)/3| Total Govt Expenditure(#’Million)/5| Inflation(annual Rate %)/2| BOT(#’ Million)/6| Demo Govt(Dummy)/7| Govt Policy(Dummy)/8| 1970| 1,003. 2| 4,219. 0| 903. 90| 13. 8| 46. 6| 0| 0| 1971| 1,322. 8| 4,715. 5| 997. 20| 16. 0| 117. 4| 0| 0| 1972| 1,571. | 4,892. 8| 1,463. 60| 3. 2| 57. 2| 0| 0| 1973| 1,763. 7| 5,310. 0| 1,529. 20| 5. 4| 197. 5| 0| 0| 1974| 1,812. 1| 15,919. 7| 2,740. 60| 13. 4| 3,102. 2| 0| 0| 1975| 2,287. 5| 27,172. 0| 5,942. 60| 33. 9| 157. 5| 0| 0| 1976| 2,339. 0| 29,146. 5| 7,856. 70| 21. 2| (339. 0)| 0| 0| 1977| 2,531. 4| 31,520. 3| 8,823. 80| 15. 4| (527. 2)| 0| 0| 1978| 2,863. 2| 29,212. 4| 8,000. 00| 16. 6| 1,293. 6| 0| 0| 1979| 3,153. 1| 29,948. 0| 7,406. 70| 11. 8| 1,868. 9| 1| 0| 1980| 3,620. 1| 31,546. 8| 14,968. 60| 9. 9| 2,402. 2| 1| 0| 1981| 3,757. 9| 205,222. 1| 11,413. 70| 20. | (3,020. 8)| 1| 0| 1982| 5,382. 8| 1 99,685. 3| 11,923. 20| 7. 7| (1,398. 3)| 1| 1| 1983| 5,949. 5| 185,598. 1| 9,635. 70| 23. 2| (301. 3)| 1| 1| 1984| 6,418. 3| 183,563. 0| 9,927. 60| 39. 6| 354. 9| 0| 1| 1985| 6,804. 0| 201,036. 3| 13,041. 10| 5. 5| 349. 1| 0| 1| 1986| 9,313. 6| 205,971. 4| 16,223. 70| 5. 4| (784. 3)| 0| 1| 1987| 9,993. 6| 204,806. 5| 22,018. 70| 10. 2| 159. 2| 0| 1| 1988| 11,339. 2| 219,875. 6| 27,749. 50| 38. 3| (2,294. 1)| 0| 1| 1989| 10,899. 6| 236,729. 6| 41,028. 10| 40. 9| 8,727. 8| 0| 1| 1990| 10,436. 1| 267,550. 0| 60,268. 20| 7. | 18,498. 2| 0| 1| 1991| 12,243. 5| 265379. 1| 66,584. 40| 13. 0| 5,959. 6| 0| 1| 1992| 20,512. 7| 271,365. 5| 92,797. 40| 44. 5| (65,271. 8)| 0| 1| 1993| 66,787. 0| 274,833. 3| 54,501. 80| 57. 2| 13,615. 9| 0| 1| 1994| 70,714. 6| 275,450. 6| 160,893. 20| 57. 0| (42,623. 3)| 0| 0| 1995| 119,391. 6| 281,407. 4| 248,768. 10| 72. 8| (195,316. 3)| 0| 0| 1996| 122,600. 9| 293,745. 4| 337,417. 60| 29. 3| (53,152. 0)| 0| 0| 1997| 128,331. 8| 302,022. 5| 428,215. 20| 8. 5| 1 ,076. 3| 0| 0| 1998| 152,409. 6| 310,890. 1| 487,113. 40| 10. 0| (220,675. 1)| 0| 0| 1999| 154,188. | 312,183. 5| 947,690. 00| 6. 6| (326,634. 3)| 1| 1| 2000| 157,535. 4| 329,178. 7| 701,050. 90| 6. 9| 314,139. 2| 1| 1| 2001| 162,343. 4| 356,994. 3| 1,017,996. 50| 18. 9| 24,738. 7| 1| 1| 2002| 166,631. 6| 433,203. 5| 1,018,178. 10| 12. 9| (565,353. 3)| 1| 1| 2003| 178,478. 0| 477,533. 0| 1,225,988. 30| 14. 0| (162,839. 7)| 1| 1| 2004| 249,220. 6| 527,576. 0| 1,384,000. 00| 15. 0| 1,128,379. 4| 1| 1| 2005| 269,844. 7| 561,931. 4| 1,743,200. 00| 17. 9| 1,364,845. 5| 1| 1| 2006| 302,843. 3| 595,821. 6| 1,842,587. 70| 8. 2| 2,406,340. 6| 1| 1| 2007| 364,008. 5| 634,251. | 2,348,593. 00| 5. 4| 2,379,064. 7| 1| 1| 2008/1| 397,395. 2| 674,889. 0| 3,078,300. 00| 11. 6| 3,482,276. 4| 1| 1| /1 = Provisional /2 = 1970-2005 extracted from National Bureau of Statistics 2006-2008 extracted from CBN Statistical Bulletin /3 = GDP at Current Basic Prices Sources:Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical B ulletin 2008 (50 Years Special Anniversary Edition) and National Bureau of Statistics,2006 Appendix 2: Results of the Regression Analysis of the Estimated Determinants of FDI in Nigeria from 1970 2008 Explanatory Variables| Equations | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| Constant| 23369| 55815. 2| 87710. 9| 14436. 1| 104738. 3| -11263. 5 | GDP| 0. 01789**| | | | | | BOT| | 0. 11295**| | | | | INF| | | -699. 785*| | | | GOVTEXP| | | | 0. 15665***| | | DEMGOVT| | | | | 112462. 3**| | GOVTPol| | | | | | 5350. 6*| R2 t-StatisticsD. W. Stat| 0. 885023. 476022056| 0. 496605. 95930. 20697| 0. 013769-0. 708950. 059708| 0. 9385123. 441010. 78725| 0. 030543. 973810. 096085| 0. 304. 90-0. 833540. 20895| Note: *** = Strongly statistically significant; ** = Statistically significant * = Statistically insignificant