Dependant on question picked from below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dependant on question picked from below - Essay Example This essay examines masculinity in current society and considers whether it acts as a source of anxiety for men. There are significant differences between the genders in the way that people behave and what is expected of them. For example, it is widely recognised that males and females behave in different ways. Behavioural research has shown that males are more likely to take risks and be competitive than females . Another aspect where behaviour differs is in terms of health beliefs and behaviour that promotes good health. While females respond well to interventions that are designed to improve health, males show strong resistance. These differences are strongly associated with the perception of masculinity . Most considerations of masculinity and femininity begin with the basic assumption that men are one thing and women are something else. They are two opposites, dichotomies, distinct from one another in numerous ways. Traditional perceptions of males and females often consider tha t men are defined as themselves, while women are considered by what they do not have compared to males. Although feminism has made much progression in the area of females being considered inferior, or lacking, there is still an underlying notion that males and females are distinct from one another . How valid is this assumption? Biologically men and women are distinct from one another (with a few exceptions that are the result of chromosomal abnormalities), but does this difference in physical characteristics correspond to distinct sexual identities, one for each gender? The standard formula is for two distinct identities. On average, most men behave in a manner that is considered to be male or masculine. They wear pants, they do not wear makeup, most do not show emotions and a large number exhibit a rugged demeanour where they attempt to be strong. Likewise, women tend to be different. However, there are many people in society for whom these traditional images of males and females do not explain their behaviour patterns. For example, transsexuals are of one distinct physical gender, but behave as if they are the opposite. This is most commonly recognised in males, such as men who dress in female clothing and wear makeup . There are less extreme examples of this also. Some men are highly emotional, while others focus strongly on clothing or skin appearance, in a way that is more strongly associated with females. Therefore, within modern society, there are many different images of gender, from the typical perceptions of male and female, to those that do not conform to the recognised ‘rules’. What is masculinity in this context? Does it still exist, or are gender perceptions so fluid that there is no distinction between male and female gender identities. To understand this, it is important to first consider the concepts of masculinity and femininity and how these are perceived in modern society. Masculinity As a concept, masculinity can be difficult to define, as it means different things to different people, and it is an idea that continues to change and grow. A typical male of the 1960s is very little like the typical male of the modern era. Furthermore, the presence of people who defy gender boundaries

Jewish American Literature Essay Example for Free

Jewish American Literature Essay Jewish American Literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. It encompasses traditions of writing in English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish. While critics and authors generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive corpus and practice of writing about Jewishness in America, many writers resist being pigeonholed as Jewish voices. Also, many nominally Jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, one example being Isaac Asimov. Beginning with the memoirs and petitions composed by the Sephardic immigrants who arrived in America during the mid 17th century, Jewish American writing grew over the subsequent centuries to flourish in other genres as well, including fiction, poetry, and drama. The first notable voice in Jewish- American literature was Emma Lazarus whose poem ‘The New Colossus’ on the Statue of Liberty became the great hymnal of American immigration. Gertrude Stein became one of the most influential prose-stylists of the early 20th century. The early twentieth century saw the appearance of two pioneering American Jewish novels: Abraham Cahans The Rise of David Levinsky and Henry Roth’s Call it Sleep. It reached some of its most mature expression in the 20th century ‘Jewish American novels’ by Saul Bellow, J. D. Salinger, Norman Mailer, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their work explored the conflicting pulls between secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed through Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren. More recent authors like Nicole Krauss, Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Jonathan Safran Foer andArt Spiegelman have continued to examine dilemmas of identity in their work, turning their attention especially to the Holocaust and the trends of both ongoing assimilation and cultural rediscovery exhibited by younger generations of American Jews. Arguably the most influential of all American- Jewish novels was Leon Uris Exodus. Its story of the struggle to create the modern state of Israel translated into Russian became the inspiration for hundreds of thousands of Russian immigrants to Israel. Modern Jewish American novels often contain (a few or many) Jewish characters and address issues and themes of importance to Jewish American society such as assimilation, Zionism/Israel, and Anti-Semitism, along with the recent phenomenon known as New Anti-Semitism. Two Jewish- American writers have won the Nobel Prize, Isaac Bashevis Singer and Saul Bellow. Bernard Malamud is considered one of the most prominent figures in Jewish –American literature. BERNARD MALAMUD ( 1914-1986). Malamud’s stories and novels, in which reality and fantasy are frequently interfaced have been compared to parables, myths and analogies and often illustrate the importance of moral obligation. Although he draws upon his Jewish heritage to address the themes of sins, suffering, and redemption, Malamud emphasizes human contact and compassion over orthodox religious dogma. Malamud’s characters, while often awkward and isolated from society, evoke both pity and humor through their attempts at survival and salvation. Sheldon J. Hershinow observed: â€Å"Out of the everyday defeats and indignities of ordinary people, Malamud creates beautiful parables that capture the joy as well as the pain of life; he expresses the dignity of the human spirit searching for freedom and moral growth in the face for hardship, injustice, and the existential anguish of life. BIOGRAPHY Malamud was born on April 28, 1914, in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish immigrants. His parents, whom he described as â€Å"gentle, honest, kindly people,† were not highly educated and knew very little about literature of the arts: â€Å"There were no books in the house, no records, music, pictures on the wall. † Malamud attended high school in Brooklyn and received his bachelor’s degree from the City College of New York in 1936. After graduation, he worked in a factory and as a clerk at the central bureau in Washington, D. C. Although he wrote in his spare time, Malamud did not begin writing seriously until the advent of the Second World War and the subsequent horrors of the Holocausts. He questioned his religious identity and started reading about Jewish tradition and history . He explained: â€Å"I was concerned with what Jews stood for, with their getting down to the bare  bones of things. I was concerned with their ethnically –how Jews felt for they had to live order to go on living. † In 1949, he began teaching at Oregan State University; he left this post in 1961 to teach creative writing at Bennington College in Vermont. He remained there until shortly before his death in 1986. Starting in 1949, Malamud taught four sections of freshman composition each semester at Oregon State University (OSU), an experience fictionalized in his 1961 novel ‘A New Life’. Because he lacked the Ph. D., he was not allowed to teach literature courses, and for a number of years his rank was that of instructor. In those days, OSU, a land grant university, placed little emphasis on the teaching of humanities or the writing of fiction. While at OSU, he devoted 3 days out of every week to his writing, and gradually emerged as a major American author. In 1961, he left OSU to teach creative writing at Bennington College, a position he held until retirement. In 1967, he was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1942, Malamud met Ann De Chiara (November 1, 1917 March 20, 2007), an Italian-American Roman Catholic, and a 1939 Cornell University graduate. They married on November 6, 1945, despite the opposition of their respective parents. Ann typed his manuscripts and reviewed his writing. Ann and Bernard had two children, Paul (b. 1947) and Janna (b. 1952). Janna Malamud Smith is the author of a memoir about her father, titled My Father is a Book. Malamud died in Manhattan in 1986, at the age of 71. WORKS OF MALAMUD Malamud’s first novel, ‘The Natural’ (1952 ) ,is considered one of his most symbolic works . While the novel ostensibly traces the life of Roy Hobbs, an American baseball player , the work has underlying mythic elements and explores such themes as initiation and isolation. For instance, some reviewers cited evidence of the Arthurian legend of the Holy Grail; others applied T. S. Eliot’s ‘wasteland’ myth in their analyses ‘The Natural’ also foreshadows what would become Malamud’s predominant narrative focus: a suffering protagonist struggling to reconcile moral dilemmas, to act according to what is right, and to accept the complexities and hardships of existence. Malamud‘s second novel, ‘The Assistant’ (1957), portrays the life of Morris Bober, a Jewish immigrant who owns a grocery store in Brooklyn. Although he is struggling to survive financially, Bober hires a cynical anti-semitic youth, Frank Aloine after learning that the man is homeless and on the verge of starvation. Through this contact Frank learns to find grace and dignity in his own identity. Described as naturalistic fable, this novel affirms the redemptive value of maintaining faith in the goodness of the human soul. Malamud’s first collection of short stories, ‘The Magic Barrel’, (1958) was awarded the National Book award in 1959. Like ‘The Assistant’, most of the stories in this collection depict the search for hope and meaning within the grim entrapment of poor urban settings and were influenced by Yiddish folktales and Hasidic traditions. Many of Malamud’s best known short stories, including ‘The Last Mohican’, ‘Angel Levine’, and ‘Idiots First’, were republished in ‘The Stories of Bernard Malamud’ in 1983. ‘A New Life’ (1961), considered one of Malamuds most true-to-life novels, is based in part on Malamuds teaching career at Oregon State University. This work focuses on an ex-alcoholic Jew from New York City who becomes a professor at a college in the Pacific Northwest. It examines the main characters search for self-respect, while poking fun at life at a learning institution. Malamuds next novel, ‘The Fixer’ (1966), is one of his most powerful works. The winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, this book is based on the historical account of Mendel Beiliss, a Russian Jew who was accused of murdering a Christian child. With ‘The Tenants’ (1971), Malamud returns to a New York City setting in a contrast between two writers—one Jewish and the other African American—struggling to survive in an urban ghetto. Malamud further addresses the nature of literature and the role of the artist in ‘Dublin’s Lives’ (1979). In this work, the protagonist, William Dublin, attempts to create a sense of worth for himself, both as a man and as a writer. Malamuds last finished novel, ‘Gods Grace’ (1982), studies both the original Holocaust and a new, imagined Holocaust of the future. The novel is a wild, at times brilliant, at times confusing, description of a flood similar to that in the Bible story of Noahs ark. Malamud continued to place stories in top American magazines. Mervyn Rothstein reported in the New York Times that Malamud said at the end of his life, With me, its story, story, story. In Malamuds next-to-last collection, ‘Rembrandts Hat’, only one story, ‘The Silver Crown’, deals with Jewish themes. Malamud is also renowned for his short stories, often oblique allegories set in a dreamlike urban ghetto of immigrant Jews. Of Malamud the short story writer, Flannery OConnor wrote: I have discovered a short-story writer who is better than any of them, including myself. He published his first stories in 1943, ‘Benefit Performance’ in Threshold and ‘The Place Is Different Now’ in American Preface. In the early 1950s, his stories began appearing in Harpers Bazaar, Partisan Review, and Commentary. ‘The Magic Barrel’ was his first published collection of short stories (1958) and his first winner of his first National Book Award for Fiction. Most of the stories depict the search for hope and meaning within the bleak enclosures of poor urban settings. The title story focuses on the unlikely relationship of Leo Finkle, an unmarried rabbinical student, and Pinye Salzman, a colorful marriage broker. Finkle has spent most of life with his nose buried in books and therefore isn’t well-educated in life itself. However, Finkle has a greater interest – the art of romance. He engages the services of Salzman, who shows Finkle a number of potential brides from his magic barrel but with each picture Finkle grows more uninterested. After Salzman convinces him to meet Lily Hirschorn, Finkle realizes his life is truly empty and lacking the passion to love God or humanity. When Finkle discovers a picture of Salzman’s daughter and sees her suffering, he sets out on a new mission to save her. Other well-known stories included in the collection are: ‘The Last Mohican’, ‘Angel Levine’, ‘Idiots First’, and ‘The Mourners’. This last story focuses on Kessler, the defiant old man in need of social security and Gruber, the belligerent landlord who doesnt want Kessler in the tenement anymore. Malamud’s fiction touches lightly upon mythic elements and explores themes like isolation, class, and the conflict between bourgeois and artistic values. His prose, like his settings, is an artful pastiche of Yiddish-English locutions, punctuated by sudden lyricism. Writing in the second half of the twentieth century, Malamud was well aware of the social problems of his day: rootlessness, infidelity, abuse, divorce, and more. But he also depicted love as redemptive and sacrifice as uplifting. In his writings, success often depends on cooperation between antagonists. For example, in The Mourners landlord and tenant learn from each others anguish. In ‘The Magic Barrel’, the matchmaker worries about his fallen daughter, while the daughter and the rabbinic student are drawn together by their need for love and salvation. Malamuds third story ‘Rembrandts Hat’ collection is noteworthy for its consistently pessimistic tone and theme of failed communication in stories such as ‘My Son the Murderer’, ‘The Silver Crown’, and ‘The Letter’. ‘The volume The People’, and ‘Uncollected Stories’ contains an unfinished novel about a Russian Jewish peddler in the American West who becomes a marshal and is kidnapped by Indians. It also includes fourteen stories written between 1943 and 1985. LIST OF OTHER NOTABLE JEWISH AMERICAN WRITERS †¢ Aimee Bender — novelist and short story writer, known for her often fantastic and surreal plots and characters †¢ Saul Bellow, novelist that won the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts †¢ Bernard Cooper, novelist, short story writer †¢ E. L. Doctorow, novelist †¢ Richard Ellmann, literary critic, won National Book Award for Nonfiction †¢ Barthold Fles, literary agent and non-fiction writer †¢ Emma Goldman, anarchist writer †¢ Joseph Heller, author of Catch-22 †¢ Christopher Hitchens, literary critic and political activist †¢ Irving Howe, literary critic †¢ Roger Kahn. The Boys of Summer 1972 †¢ Jerzy Kosinski, author of The Painted Bird †¢ Emma Lazarus, poet and novelist †¢ Fran Lebowitz, author, known for her sardonic social commentary on American life through her New York sensibilities †¢ Seymour Martin Lipset, political sociologist. †¢ Reggie Nadelson, novelist known particularly for her mystery works †¢ Mark Obama Ndesandjo, author, half-brother of President Barack Obama †¢ Cynthia Ozick, short story writer, novelist, and essayist †¢ Jodi Picoult, novelist †¢ Ayn Rand, novelist and founder of Objectivism †¢ Lea Bayers Rapp, non-fiction and childrens fiction writer †¢ Philip Roth, known for autobiographical fiction that explored Jewish and American identity. †¢ Norman Rosten, novelist †¢ J. D. Salinger, author of The Catcher in the Rye †¢ Gary Shteyngart (born 1972) Russian-born writer †¢ Isaac Bashevis Singer, leading figure in Yiddish literature, won Nobel Prize †¢ George Steiner (born 1929) literary critic †¢ Daniel Stern, novelist] †¢ Leopold Tyrmand, writer †¢ Judith Viorst (born 1932) author, known for her childrens literature †¢ Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and author of 57 books CONCLUSION The situation and the position of the Jewish-American writer have always been different from that of the other ethnicities in America and still remain so until today. One difference is highlighted by a comparison with the African-American writers. The marginal position of black authors has disappeared on the book market in the United States, but the themes of alienation and anger will not vanish as readily from their works. Instead of integration into the Literary and artistic mainstream, black writers and artists wanted, especially since the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s, to arrive at their own forms of literary expression which would have direct relevance for their lives. They wished to answer the question of their relationship to white mainstream culture by implementing a multicultural strategy: their literature is not that of assimilation, but in many ways that of establishing difference, separatism, and cultural resistance. While with the African-American writers there is no sense of the success or even desirability of social and cultural integration into the predominantly white mainstream of American society, many Jewish-American authors felt it as necessary and desirable, and as a result even managed to acquire it. Indeed, a great number of contemporary Jewish-American writers such as Norman Mailer, Saul Bellow, Joseph Heller, Bernard Malamud, Arthur Miller, Philip Roth and others have had literary success. The language employed by these writers is standard American English, they are socially accepted, and their works are read by a wide Jewish and non-Jewish audience. For this reason it is widely considered that their texts form part of a recognized literary canon, and belong to the American literary center or mainstream, as far as this may still be defined today. As much as we agreed to this idea we cannot ignore several facts which underline the necessity to view Jewish American literary productions as shaped by strong ethnic forces, and Jewish American literature as both belonging to and standing out in the multicultural American landscape. BIBLOGRAPHY Books Sanford, Sternlicht Masterpieces of Jewish American Literature Cristina, Nilsson Jewish American Literature: Bernard Malamud, Philip Roth and Cynthia Ozick Websites http://en. wikipedia. org http://www. swiftpapers. com http:// Top of Form.

Gavrilo Princip, Sarajevo and World War I Essay -- Bosnia History Poli

Gavrilo Princip, Sarajevo and World War I In present-day Sarajevo alongside the Miljacka River there used to be commemorative footprints in the concrete sidewalk. Spanning across the Miljacka River was the Princip Bridge, named after the man who took not only the life of an Archduke, but also the lives of many more during World War I. Bismarck had predicted that, â€Å"Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans† would cause the war. He was partially correct. The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip did not cause World War I; instead it served as one of the contributing factors to the start of the war. This is why in Sarajevo, after 1990, there are no traces of the assassination. Street names have been changed, and Gavrilo Princip is now considered a criminal terrorist by Bosnia. Today it is known that â€Å"The assassination is a very sensitive topic† and that is is â€Å"hard to find people willing to talk candidly about Gavrilo Princip.† There were many reasons for the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Many of these reasons had to do with the relationship between the countries of Austria and Serbia. After the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 Austria was given the right to govern the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the time, Bosnia consisted of Croats who are Roman Catholic, the ethnic Serbs who were Serb-Orthodox, and the Muslims who were left from when the Turks ruled populated the province of Bosnia. Unfortunately there was no one set ethnic group for Bosnians. Many of the Bosnians wanted to have their province shared in conjunction with Serbia, which was only across the river. Serbia agreed with the Bosnians on this matter and were very eager to see this happen... ...orld War.com. Memoir of Count Franz von Harrach, 28 June 1914, http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/harrachmemoir.htm. 24 April 2003. Geiss, Imanuel, ed. July 1914 The Outbreak of the First World War Selected Documents. New York: Norton and Co., 1967. Habsburg, Otto von. â€Å"I Know This Will End Badly.† Newsweek v133 i10 (March 8, 1999): 34 (1). Hergesell, Alexandra. â€Å"Echoes of World War I.† Europe (October 2001): 44. Jelavich, Barbara. The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs, 1814-1918. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969. Lafore, Laurence. The Long Fuse. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co., 1965. Seton-Watson, R.W.. Sarajevo. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1969. Snyder, Louis L. Historic Documents of World War I. Princeton NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., 1958 â€Å"When Sarajevo Triggered a War.† Time, vol. 123 (January 30, 1984): 33 (1).

Climate Change And Carbon Reduction Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration is arguably one of the greatest environmental challenges confronting the universe today. The addition in atmospheric nursery gases has driven a rapid rise in the planetary temperature. Emissions ensuing from human activities are well increasing the concentrations of the nursery gases, C dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) , CFCs ( CFCs ) and azotic oxide ( N2O ) and are doing nursery gas consequence. Carbon dioxide has been responsible for over half the enhanced nursery consequence in the past and is likely to stay same in the hereafter ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 ) . The Stern Review study suggests that a 25 % decrease below current degrees of emanations is required in order to stabilise planetary CO2 concentrations at degrees that will non hold really inauspicious impacts. And what we besides find out from the Stern Review is that the costs of non moving on clime alteration are greater than the costs of moving ( Stern Review 2006 ) . It has been recognised that developed states are chiefly responsible for the current high degrees of atmospheric GHG emanations ; the Kyoto Protocol places a heavier load on developed states and sets adhering emanation decrease marks of up to an norm of five per cent emanations reductionA compared to 1990 degrees over the five-year period 2008 to 2012. In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. This launched a 2nd committedness period, get downing on 1 January 2013 until 2020 ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2013 ) . So, the motive for this research comes from the widely-accepted demand to greatly cut down the C dioxide ( CO2 ) and other nursery gases ( GHG ) emanations in order to extenuate anthropogenetic clime alteration. The societal, environmental and economic costs associated with C emanations could be immense and world can confront inauspicious effects. Therefore, the demand to cut down CO2 emanations has be en recognised as a cardinal portion of the on-going attempts to battle clime alteration.1.2. Carbon decrease in the United Kingdom: National contextThe UK histories for less than 1.5 % of planetary nursery gas emanations ; the authorities has a clear national involvement in guaranting that the universe tackles climate alteration together as it is a planetary job and it requires a planetary solution. ( HM Government 2011 ) . The UK authorities has had a turning committedness to sustainable development over the last 15 old ages, foremost establishing a scheme for sustainable development in 1994. Its current scheme, â€Å" Procuring the FutureaˆY was launched in 2005 and focused on four cardinal countries: ingestion and production, natural resource protection, sustainable communities and clime alteration ( Her Majesty ‘s Stationery Office 2005 ) . The current alliance authorities besides raises a motto of the ‘greenest authorities of all time ‘ , although it has non been followed through unfavorable judgment, and shows its strategic committedness towards low C economic system. The planetary jussive mood of clime alteration has been translated into national C decrease marks. The UK authorities has strongly agreed for C decrease after its Kyoto Commitments and has developed Climate Change Act 2008 which is the universe ‘s first long-run lawfully adhering model. It aims to promote the passage to a low-carbon economic system in the UK by puting ambitious C decrease marks of at least 80 % by 2050 and at least 34 % by 2020 against a 1990 baseline ( HMSO 2008 ) . The UK is committed to play a prima function in order to procuring planetary action to cut down C emanations which is consistent with restricting planetary temperature additions to below 2A °C ( HMSO 2010 ) . The UK clime alteration act develops a new attack of pull offing clime alteration through puting institutional marks, doing schemes for accomplishing them, beef uping institutional models and regular answerability.1.3. Carbon decrease in public sector: Higher Education contextThe mounting grounds of planetary clime alteration is one of the most of import issues for concerns. Carbon decrea se is traveling up the corporate docket and administrations now understand the demand to manage their emanations and it must be embedded within their concern patterns ( Carbon Disclosure Project 2010 ) . The UK populace sector has long been taking the manner when it comes to cutting energy costs andA C emanations and the research has revealed that the populace sector is the most committed to carbon decrease as compared to the private and 3rd sectors ( The Carbon Trust 2012 ) . Camco ( 2011 ) found that the entire nursery gas emanations emitted by public sector organic structures from the usage of electricity and fossil fuels in 2009/10 including for administrative concern conveyance are estimated to be 16.7-23.5 Million tCO2. Against this background, proactive actions are required by all of the populace sector administrations to cut down C and other nursery gases emanations. The Higher Education ( HE ) sector, due to the nature of its operational activities, preponderantly and straight emits C and to a much lesser extent other nursery gas emanations, frequently indirectly, such as methane ( CH4 ) ( Higher Education Funding Council for England 2010 ) . The Higher Education ( HE ) sector has a important societal and economic impact and is non exempt from disputing C decrease marks, in fact, it is argued, should be showing leading in the field. A research was carried out by Camco ( 2011 ) and was presented to the Department of Energy and Climate Change ( DECC ) , which suggests that the most cost effectual chances to accomplish the C decrease marks exist within the Further and Higher Education sectors. In 1990, sum HE sector C emanations were 2.445 million metric tons of C dioxide ( MtCO2 ) and in 2006 they were 3.288 MtCO2, a rise of 34 % ( HEFCE 2009 ) . The HE sector is being encouraged to take in C decrease as it is a important subscriber of C emanations in the public sector but besides because of the privileged place universities occupy in being Centres of research excellence and in cultivating ‘thought leaders ‘ for the hereafter ( HEFCE 2009 ) . HE is a turning consumer of energy and resources and generator of C emanations. In 2008-09 the UK Higher and Further Education sector administrations consumed 7.7 TWh of energy ( all fuels ) bring forthing emanations of 2.6 million metric tons of C dioxide equivalent ( Hopkinson and James 2011 ) . So, there is a demand to understand that how Higher Education Institutions ( HEIs ) can strategically cut down their increasing C emanations through an integrated and comprehensive attack. In National Carbon Strategy, HEFCE encourages higher instruction establishments to follow similar marks ( HEFCE, 2010a ) . Carbon decrease mark and scheme for higher instruction in England has besides been formulated in order to supply guideline for HE establishments to put their ain marks inline with the UK marks and so develop action programs through C direction programs. The lone marks do non run into consequences ; they need to be supported with the schemes. Within the following 10 old ages the higher instruction sector in this state will be recognised as a major subscriber to society ‘s attempts to accomplish sustainability through the accomplishments and cognition that its alumnuss learn and set into pattern, its research and exchange of cognition through concern, community and public policy battle, and through its ain schemes and operations ( HEFCE ) . Capital support for higher instruction establishments in England is linked to carbon decrease from 2011 which makes high er instruction ‘s senior direction concern about their energy ingestion and C emanations.1.4. Research purpose and aims:There is an ongoing demand to analyze and measure the procedure of C direction in the higher instruction sector and to suggest a clear route map for a strategic attack to better C direction. It is surprising that empirical research analyzing the strategic attack and committedness to carbon direction within the higher instruction establishments is comparatively thin ( Chapter 2: Literature Review ) . A research inquiry was formulated that â€Å" How higher instruction sector establishments can strategically pull off their C emanations from all of their organizational activities? †1.4.1. Purpose:The purpose of this research is to develop a strategic C direction model for cut downing higher instruction sector establishments ‘ C emanations in the context of the broader public sector.1.4.2. Specific aims:To consistently reexamine and measure the liter ature, paperss, schemes and C direction programs of the Higher Education ( HE ) sector establishments. To analyze the current province and effectivity of C direction within the higher instruction sector establishments. To place the drivers and barriers for C direction within the higher instruction sector establishments. To place and understand the characteristics and procedures for implementing effectual C direction schemes ; peculiar attending will be paid to the function of procurance and other range 3 emanations. To develop, suggest and formalize a Strategic Carbon Management ( SCM ) model for cut downing overall C emanations for the higher instruction every bit good as the broader public sector administrations.1.5. Novel part to the cognition:The PhD research will bring forth a coherent set of findings on a strategic attack to carbon direction and will hold the undermentioned original parts to the bing cognition. Contribution in the bing theoretical cognition of strategic C direction. Substantial/practical part for a strategic attack to carbon direction in the higher instruction sector every bit good as the wider populace sector. Strategic Carbon Management ( SCM ) model will be proposed for bettering HE C direction and implanting C direction in corporate scheme. It will research how range 3 emanations, peculiarly procurance can be incorporated into universities ‘ C direction procedure. Novel methodological part with qualitative and quantitative informations integrating.1.6. Thesis construction:The thesis will hold nine chapters and the staying chapters are outlined below:Chapter 2: Literature reappraisalThis chapter will present the theoretical background for the research through the reappraisal of bing literature around assorted facets of C direction.Chapter 3: Research MethodologyThis chapter will detail the overall design of the research and sketching the chosen research methodological analysis in order to run into research purpose and aims.Chapter 4: Systematic analysis of secondary informationsThis chapter will run into the first aim by consistently analyzing the secondary informations. It will chiefly dwell of universities ‘ C direction programs and schemes, other strategic paperss and relevant policies.Chapter 5: Policy context, drivers and barriers to carbon directionThis chapter will turn to C direction drivers and barriers with for higher instructio n establishments. It will besides turn to policies sing C decrease in general and higher instruction in peculiar.Chapter 6: Preliminary research findingsThis chapter will analyze and bring forth first stage preliminary research findings based on the explorative interviews carried out with higher instruction sector directors in order to inform more structured attack in the 2nd stage of the research.Chapter 7: Survey QuestionnaireThis chapter will supply public sector analysis based on the questionnaire study consequences. It will analyze the current province and effectivity of C direction within the higher instruction sector establishments, besides comparison between different sector organic structures in C direction leading.Chapter 8: De Montfort University Case StudyThis chapter will supply descriptive instance survey of De Montfort University to happen out what is presently go oning in relation to strategic C direction. It will assist in placing and understanding assorted characte ristics and procedures for implementing effectual C direction in a university. It will besides research the function of procurance and other range 3 emanations in C direction.Chapter 9: DiscussionThe treatment chapter will take the research findings from in-depth DMU survey and see in the context of wider higher instruction every bit good as the broader public sector administrations. It will integrate the development and proof of strategic C direction model for pull offing C emanations.Chapter 10: DecisionsThis chapter will summarize of the cardinal research findings and the original part to knowledge originating from this research, followed by way to future work.

Quality of Living Analysis for Greenpoint, Brooklyn Essay

Greenpoint Greenpoint, Brooklyn is a culturally vibrant neighborhood full of a wide range of retail shops, restaurants, bars & venues, banks, and other services. It is largely occupied by people of Polish descent (43. 6% according to the 2000 Census) and of Hispanic descent (19. 2%. ) The median income is $33,578, significantly lower than the corresponding national average of $41,994. Even with the median income in Greenpoint being almost $10,000 less than the national average, it has many of the same difficult characteristics shared by most New York City neighborhoods – namely igher-than-average housing prices, overcrowded schools, higher utility prices, high local taxes, and lack of high paying Jobs- all of which create a much higher total cost of living than most cities in the United States. A very low proportion of Greenpoint residents own their homes. According to the 2000 census, only 19. 2% of residents owned the homes they were living in, versus the 66. % national average. Rent prices have also consistently been on the rise, despite a few significant hiccups since the November 2008 financial crisis. It could be a great advantage to local residents if a rogram was set up providing local tax breaks for first time home owners in Greenpoint. Also, if the budget would allow, the City could match the Federal government’s pledge of $8000 in assistan ce for first time homebuyers. With $16,000 in assistance, and lowered taxes, many Greenpoint residents who otherwise would not be able to purchase a home might be able to afford that option. A lower percentage of Greenpoint residents graduate high school than the national average (70. 4% vs. 80. 4%), which is also true for those with Bachelors degrees (21. 2% vs. 24. 4%). This lack of higher education hinders peoples’ likelihood of getting high aying Jobs, and in turn, makes it harder for them to move out of poverty into the middle class. A no-cost GED training center should be set up on Greenpoint Avenue to assist high school dropouts (of any age) in getting a diploma. Similarly, a Greenpoint GED College fund should be set up, to provide full CUNY scholarships for the top 10% of the graduates of these GED programs. This not only would incline many people to seek their own education who otherwise wouldn’t, but it would also prevent many of the best students from slipping through the cracks, and ensure that more Greenpoint kids got a chance to go to college. A hot button issue for Greenpoint (and Brookyn as a whole) is land-use and development. In 2005, the City Council passed a plan for the re-zoning and development of much of the Greenpoint and Williamsburg waterfront, as well a large block of the upland area. The plan is known as the Greenpoint-Williamsburg Land Use and Waterfront Plan. The plan focuses on changing zoning regulations along the northern Brooklyn waterfront and some of the upland areas, mostly to allow for large residential buildings to be built. Many residents of the community were worried about the waterfront development uildings being built very high, and pushed for regulations limiting the number of condominium ; rental developments being geared only toward those with high incomes, and not toward those with average Greenpoint ; Williamsburg incomes (Williamsburg has an even lower median income than Greenpoint, $23,567. An attempt was made to strike a compromise between the community and the development groups, to solve both of these problems in one fell swoop. The compromise that was eventually passed is called the Greenpoint-Williamsburg Inclusionary Housing Program, which attempts to address concerns about both uilding height and low-income housing. The program stipulates that any development that includes a certain amount of affordable housing is eligible for a â€Å"floor area bonus†, meaning they are allowed to build higher than the base restriction. There are 2 waterfront zones designated, R6 and R8; in R6 the base floor area restriction is up to 23 stories, in R8 it is 33 stories. With 20-25% of space within the development designated for affordable housing, this restriction can be raised 4. 7% to 30 stories and 40 stories respectively. While in theory this idea sounds promising, in practice it will not accomplish the goals it claims to. First of all, if a new development chooses not to go past the floor area restrictions, then there is no requirement that they provide any affordable housing. This leaves little incentive for developers to spend the extra money to build higher, and choose to include the low- income housing, as they only gain 4. 6% in floor area bonus, but have to designate over 20% of the total space of affordable housing. It ends up only inclining them against building past the base floor area restrictions (which many residents believe are already far too lax, allowing for unnecessarily tall buildings that block other uildings’ views, and obstruct sunlight for large areas of the upland waterfront. I believe the plan should be changed to require that any and all new developments include at least 10% affordable housing to begin with. In addition to the affordable housing problem, the Greenpoint-Williamsburg Land Use and Waterfront Plan does not include any provisions for building new schools in the neighborhood. A new high school in Greenpoint is sorely needed, as most high school age students who cannot attend the Automotive Technical School, which is the only public high school in Greenpoint, end up attending schools in Ridgewood, Queens and Williamsburg. The plan also has no provisions for public daycare centers, tutoring or after-school programs, or improved transportation routes from the northwestern waterfront area (which is very difficult to commute from). It would be prudent to adjust the plan to require at least some of these programs to be set up in the area, at the shared cost of the developers’ and the City. It is important to use contractors and building companies from the local area when building new developments in Greenpoint. Too often, contracts for restoration projects, and new developments end up going to companies not from Brooklyn. For instance the old Greenpoint Hospital, which has been gathering dust since 1982, is going to be converted in 240 units of affordable housing, but the contract for this conversion went to TNS Development Group, based in Queens. Two other contracts, from local Greenpoint community groups, were both rejected. A perfect sector to create high paying Jobs in the local community is in skilled construction and building, it seems only right to award the slew of evelopment contracts that are available in the area to local contractors and edited to require that 50% of all building contracts from now on go to companies located in the 11222 area code. Shortly before her death, Jane Jacobs summed up the problems with the waterfront development plans in a letter to Mayor Michael Bloomberg: â€Å"The community’s plan does not cheat the future by neglecting to provide provisions for schools, daycare, recreational outdoor sports, and pleasant facilities for those things. The community’s plan does not promote new housing at the expense of both xisting housing and imaginative and economical new shelter that residents can afford. The community’s plan does not violate the existing scale of the community, nor does it insult the visual and economic advantages of neighborhoods that are precisely of the kind that demonstrably attract artists and other live-work craftsmen†¦ [but] the proposal put before you by city staff is an ambush containing all those destructive consequences. The roadblocks in the way of changing some of these plans would be great, and in order to make it possible, it would require a tremendous amount of public outcry and rassroots organization, in order to influence some major change of character in the highest levels of local power. If Mayor Bloomberg could be convinced to live up to his many campaign promises of building more public schools (and not Just charter schools), and more affordable housing, then maybe Greenpoint could get the funds and zoning changes needed to build a new High School and provide good housing for its largest demographic, the lower class. In order to fund some of these projects, taxes could be raised on all waterfront property that is not designated to low income ousing- which might provide some more incentive for developers to build more affordable housing in the area, and if it not, it might at least add some tax revenue that could help fund a new local high school. A plan that properly addresses all the issues in a neighborhood like Greenpoint would have to be much more expansive and detailed, and would surely encounter a lot of resistance from some local politicians and big development companies, but some of the ideas presented in this paper could have far-reaching positive consequences if they could gain enough public support, and be implemented.

Map of World Hotspots

Map of World Hotspots Most of the worlds  volcanism  occurs on plate boundaries. Hotspot is the name for a center of volcanism that is exceptional. Map of World Hotspots Click the image for the full-size version. Image courtesy Gillian Foulger According to the original theory of hotspots, from 1971, hotspots represent mantle plumes- blobs of rising hot material from the base of the mantle- and make up a fixed framework independent of plate tectonics. Since that time, neither supposition has been confirmed, and the theory has been greatly adjusted. But the concept is simple and appealing, and the majority of specialists are still working inside the hotspot framework. Textbooks still teach it. The minority of specialists seeks to explain hotspots in terms of what I might call advanced plate tectonics: plate fracturing, counterflow in the mantle, melt-producing patches and edge effects. This map shows the hotspots listed in an influential 2003 paper by Vincent Courtillot and colleagues, which ranked them according to a set of five widely accepted criteria. The three sizes of symbols show whether the hotspots had high, medium or low scores against those criteria. Courtillot proposed that the three ranks correspond to an origin at the base of the mantle, the base of the transition zone at 660 kilometers depth, and the base of the lithosphere. There is no consensus on whether that view is valid, but this map is handy for showing the names and locations of the most commonly mentioned hotspots. Some hotspots  have obvious names, like Hawaii, Iceland and Yellowstone, but most are named for obscure ocean islands (Bouvet, Balleny, Ascension), or seafloor features that in turn got their names from famous research ships (Meteor, Vema, Discovery). This map should help you keep up during a talk aimed at specialists.

Popularity of the Diesel engine essays

Popularity of the Diesel engine essays In the past ten years, mankind has been searching for a viable solution to the biggest pollution problem; exhaust emissions from cars. Several alternatives have been explored and tested. The more popular of these are the gasoline/electric hybrids. In recent years many foreign car companies have put into production several successful models, including the Honda civic hybrid. These cars offer a drastic improvement in both fuel consumption and emission problems. But at the same time, has there been a solution to these problems all along? I believe this to be in the form of a word synonymous with dirty and smelly. Diesel. So what makes diesel so efficient? A lot of it has to do with the fuel. The chemical make up of diesel fuel gives it roughly 11% more energy per gallon than the energy in gasoline. And since diesel fuel is injected directly into the piston chamber, power output is controlled directly by the precise metering of the fuel to be injected, so the engine does not waste power creating vacuum that would be used in a gasoline engine to pull the fuel in. Since the engines compression ratio is much higher(typically double that of a gasoline engine), the higher the compression, the higher the power and engine efficiency. All this and several other factors combine for an power output of fuel energy being released being converted into actual energy that makes it to the driving wheels of 33%. Now compare that to the meager 7% that makes it to the rear wheels of a gasoline engine. This translates to about a 25 to 30% better fuel economy than equally performing gasoline engines.1,3 So if diesels are so great, then why dont we see more of them on the road? It all boils down to what comes out the tail pipe. Diesels are notorious for Pollution. This comes from the benefits mentioned above. Because of the high compression, and subsequently the high combustion chamber temperature, this raises one of the gasses the EPA ...

European Countries Ranked by Area

European Countries Ranked by Area The continent of  Europe varies in latitude from places such as Greece, which is in the range of about 35 degrees north to 39 degrees north latitude, to Iceland, which ranges from around 64 degrees north to more than 66 degrees north. Because of the difference in latitudes, Europe has varying climates and topography. Regardless, it has been inhabited for about 2 million years. It consists of only about 1/15th of the worlds land, but the contiguous continent has about 24,000 square miles (38,000 sq km) of coastline. Stats Europe is made up of 46  countries that  range in size from some of the largest in the world (Russia) to some of the smallest (Vatican City, Monaco). The population of Europe is about 742 million (United Nations 2017 Population Division figure), and for a landmass of about 3.9 million square miles (10.1 sq km), it has a density of 187.7 people per square mile. By Area, Largest to Smallest The following is a list of the countries of Europe arranged by area. Various sources may differ in size of a countrys area due to rounding, whether the original figure is in kilometers or miles, and whether the sources include overseas territories. Figures here come from the CIA World Factbook, which presents figures in square kilometers; they have been converted and rounded to the nearest number. Russia: 6,601,668 square miles (17,098,242 sq km)Turkey:  302,535 square miles (783,562 sq km)Ukraine:  233,032 square miles (603,550 sq km)France:  212,935 square miles (551,500 sq km);  248,457 square miles (643,501 square km) including overseas regionsSpain:  195,124 square miles (505,370 sq km)Sweden:  173,860 square miles (450,295 sq km)Germany:  137,847 square miles (357,022 sq km)Finland:  130,559 square miles (338,145 sq km)Norway: 125,021 square miles (323,802 sq km)Poland:  120,728 square miles (312,685 sq km)Italy:  116,305 square miles (301,340 sq km)United Kingdom:  94,058 square miles (243,610 sq km), includes Rockall and Shetland IslandsRomania: 92,043 square miles (238,391 sq km)Belarus: 80,155 square miles (207,600 sq km)Greece: 50,949 square miles (131,957 sq km)Bulgaria: 42,811 square miles (110,879 sq km)Iceland:  39,768 square miles (103,000 sq km)Hungary: 35,918 square miles (93,028 sq km)Portugal: 35,556 square miles (92,090 sq km)Austri a: 32,382 square miles (83,871 sq km)Czech Republic: 30,451 square miles (78,867 sq km) Serbia: 29,913 square miles (77,474 sq km)Ireland: 27,133 square miles (70,273 sq km)Lithuania: 25,212 square miles (65,300 sq km)Latvia: 24,937 square miles (64,589 sq km)Croatia:  21,851 square miles (56,594 sq km)Bosnia and Herzegovina: 19,767 square miles (51,197 sq km)Slovakia: 18,932 square miles (49,035 sq km)Estonia: 17,462 square miles (45,228 sq km)Denmark: 16,638 square miles (43,094 sq km)Netherlands:  16,040 square miles (41,543 sq km)Switzerland:  15,937 square miles (41,277 sq km)Moldova: 13,070 square miles (33,851 sq km)Belgium:  11,786 square miles (30,528 sq km)Albania: 11,099 square miles (28,748 sq km)Macedonia: 9,928 square miles (25,713 sq km)Slovenia: 7,827 square miles (20,273 sq km)Montenegro: 5,333 sq miles (13,812 sq km)Cyprus: 3,571 square miles (9,251 sq km)Luxembourg: 998 square miles (2,586 sq km)Andorra:  181 square miles (468 sq km)Malta:  122 square miles (316 sq km)Liechtenstein: 62 square miles (160 sq km)San Marino:  23 square miles (61 sq km)Monaco:  0.77 square miles (2 sq km) Vatican City: 0.17 square miles (0.44 sq km)

DEBATE ON SHOULD THE ROLE OF CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST AND ADVANCE Essay

DEBATE ON SHOULD THE ROLE OF CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST AND ADVANCE PRACTICE NURSE BE MERGED BOTH PROS AND CONS - Essay Example Merging the roles of CNS and APN would disregard the credibility of a specialized nurse. If the merging of the CNS and APN role pushed through, the future nurses would think that having the CNS degree is good enough since CNS and APN’s role is just the same. This idea may have a negative effect on the part of the future nurses instead of being motivated to pursue a better education and a career. In this sense, the quality and competency of APN would diminish in the long run. Clinical Nurse Specialists plays a critical role in providing a direct care to the patient and his/her family members. At the same time, CNS is responsible in shaping and creating a healing environment for the patient and his/her family, and builds a good relationship with the caregivers and other health professionals. CNS is considered as competent in providing a direct patient care. They are trained to use nursing framework in caring for the patients and families. Although some of them are considered as a specialist in a particular area of patient care. According to AACN, nursing specialties must remain evolving. It is said that we must follow the NCSBN Criteria for APRN Certification Programs which includes the requirements that Advanced Nursing Practice Specialty must be added to the education program.4 If all the future CNS will have the APRN certification, the demand for the specialization will come to a point that it will be less than the supply of specialized nurses5. Also, if all the CNS will be required to take the APRN certification, it is possible for the country to have a shortage of nurses who will be dedicated in performing the tasks of CNS6. Similarly, the role of CNS in providing an excellent advanced practice nursing services which are in demand for improving the quality of life of each individual as well as providing these people, the community and the general public the access to the health care services may also be divided since most of these people would

Business Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Policy - Essay Example Strategic management is a complex process which has the following steps: Establishing the strategic intent: Strategic intents include defining the ‘mission, vision and the objective’ of the organization. Vision is that broad spectrum where the organization wants to go. It signifies what the organization wants to achieve. It is the long term goal which the organization wants to achieve. It is the purpose of the business. The vision of the company should be very clear so that the company could identify where it is heading to. Good visions can inspire and exhilarate the employees as well as the management. Mission statement links the organization with the society. It states why the company exists. Mission statements comprises of a set of activities which are related not only with the individual but also with the global and national needs and priorities. Mission statements should be short but clear, feasible and distinctive and should motivate the employees as well as the cu stomers. They must feel that working in that organization is worthwhile. The mission statement signifies how the company can achieve the objectives. Objectives can be defined as the set of targets which the company has to achieve in a given period of time. These are the short term goals of the organization. Objectives are specific compared to goals which are more general in nature. The organization’s vision is achieved through its objectives. It enables the management to concentrate on those areas where strategic decisions should be taken. Objectives should be clear and precise, time bound, measurable, achievable, challenging and should be made keeping in view the available recourses. All the objectives must correlate with each other. Strategy formulation: Once the vision, mission and the objective of the organization is determined the next step is to formulate the strategy. Strategy formulation involves deciding on the strategies which are to be implemented to achieve the or ganizational objectives. Formulation of strategy starts with scanning the environment. Environment includes both internal as well as the external environment affecting the organization. These environmental factors are then analyzed through various techniques; these are SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, Porter’s five force model etc. SWOT analysis enables the company to analyze its strength and weakness and also the opportunities it have and the threats it is facing. It is very important tool in making strategic decisions. PEST analyses the various political, economic, social and technological factors affecting the organization. After this the organization decides upon the corporate level strategies that is whether they have to integrate its activities or diversify. Decisions are taken on whether there will be vertical diversification that is a new product should be made or not, horizontal diversification that is whether the company should make a new brand or merge with someone to make that product or they shall outsource the work to some organization. In case the company is incurring loss then the company has to decide on the options of retrenchment, selling a part of the company that is divesture or whether they should liquidate the

Buying and Merchandising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buying and Merchandising - Essay Example People especially the young generations are becoming highly brand conscious and the marketers are using this factor of consumer behavior for the marketing planning which includes promotions and mainly the sales plan (VERDICT, 2006, p.4). Pricing and promotions are the two key are of marketing plan mainly for apparels and fashionable accessories of women as well as men. At earlier day’s top retailers in this market used to focus only on the female accessories and apparels as the trend women fashion industry was always high but now a days the demand for fashionable and braded men accessories like tie, wallet, belt etc are in growing trend. So, retailers are including men’s accessories in the women accessories stores. So, this report is all about the sales plan of men’s accessories in a women only accessories stores and the pricing of the men accessories from basic price range to premium (Evanchitzky, Vogel & Ahlert, 2007, p.15). Aims and Objectives The main aims an d objective of this business report is to develop an effective sales plan for the men’s essential accessories like tie, wallet and belt. ... Pricing objective is to develop a price range of these products considering the increasing personal disposable income of the younger generations and their follow of new trends. So these objectives of this business report will be satisfied if the gap or weakness of the sales strategies of the value retailers or the top brands are find out. Range Plans From the efficient market research it has been found that the accessories market in the United Kingdom has a steady growth and this growing trend of this market was due the earlier female fashion trend. But now the trend of using fashionable essential accessories of men’s can be found in this market and this gap or the weakness of the luxury brands. There is huge market size of the potential buyers who wants to keep their lifestyle with the new trend. But these are younger school and college going boys who only have the personal disposable income for buying these essential but fashionable products. So the price range for these pro ducts needs to be of a diverse like from basic range to standard price range not the premium range of products which the value retailers have already focused fort the professional men with high income level (Mintel. 2012, p.12). These men’s accessories will be added with the women products in high streets female only accessories shop. As there are many younger men comes to these high streets shops with their female friends and they are the potential customers. In the basic categories there needs to be three different sub categories based on the slightly price difference so that the consumers of basic products categories can satisfy with varieties of price along with the color variety. These

President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

President - Research Paper Example A number of events took place during the cold war both regionally and globally catalysing the formation and adoption of the Truman doctrine. Russia sponsored communism was on the rise and influencing the entire Europe. Hungary’s democratic government was overthrown by the communist party in 1947 attracting strong condemnation by President Truman. In 1948 again the communist party with the support of Russia used force to grab power in Czechoslovakia. The attempted Berlin blockade would have also significantly affected the course of events had it succeeded. The Russian threat became particularly significant in 1949 when Russia deployed its tool to influence the entire Europe. Russia also went on to explode its nuclear bomb nullifying America’s lead. The Korean escalated the tensions between the two rival super powers. It became apparent that to restore confidence in Europe, economic assistance, rearmament of West Germany and military aid were necessary measures. The Presi dent thus sought Congress’s approval of $ 400 million towards aiding turkey and Greece both in terms of military and economically (Merrill, 20006). The relationship between the United States and the USSR was unhealthy during the cold war. Russia’s aggression and expansion of its communist influence into Eastern Europe after the defeat of Germany was not taken well by the United States and other Western democracies. The US dominated the politics and economics of Western Europe and therefore was very threatened by Russia’s influence in the East. The two powers differed on ideology & politics and were competing for internal influence along the different lines. The competition lasted between 1947 and 1991 when the Soviet Union officially collapsed. The spreading communism ideology supported by Russia saw communist parties overthrow democratically elected governments in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Russia’s detonation of its first atomic weapon and its

Volcanic Smog in Hawaii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Volcanic Smog in Hawaii - Essay Example The volcanic smog created by Kilauea volcano is hazardous to the surrounding population as well as the whole island, economically, socially, environmentally, and physically. A volcanic smog results when sulfur dioxide mixes with different other gases, moisture, and sunlight in the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is produced, whether the volcanic activity was small or big. The effects of volcanic smog are greatly felt by those people living very close to the volcano. However, those living far away from the volcano are still affected, though in a lower measure. This is mainly because of the action of winds, which transfer the smog to different areas. In Hawaii, it is estimated that there has been approximately 50 volcanic eruptions in the twentieth Century only (Rado Web). Water in the area is greatly affected by the volcanic smog. First, there is the formation of acidic rain when sulfur dioxide in the gases emitted reacts with Oxygen in the air. The acid rain is lethal to plants, animals, and human beings. This therefore leads to other major effects. People in Hawaii Island mainly depended on rooftop rainwater for drinking and domestic and farm use. Therefore, when the volcanic smog results in acidic rain, this means the people cannot benefit from this water, as it is not safe for any use. This water cannot be drunk as it is contaminated. Therefore, they have to look for alternative sources of water for domestic use. Similarly, the acidic rain is not good for plants and other organisms. Most people in Hawaii Island practise farming as their main source of income. They plant different crops including flowers in plantations. When acidic rain occurs, the crops in plantations are destroyed, and this has forced most farmers living around Kilauea Volcano to abandon farming and look for alternative means of survival (â€Å"NCBCNEWS† Web). The sulfur dioxide in the volcanic smog has had disastrous effects on one Kau district. Many farms and nurseries have been destroy ed, in addition to putting at risk flower and vegetable farms and other crops such as tomatoes, lettuce, medical marijuana, as well as sunflower, and roses. The Hawaii government, because of the economic depression has not been able to compensate farmers for the losses, forcing most farmers to relocate. This has therefore disrupted the economic and social set-up of people, including farmers, as some have been compelled to move out of Hawaii in search of different jobs (â€Å"NCBCNEWS† Web). Apart from the economic effects, volcanic smog also affects the health of people. The volcanic smog comprises a variety of dangerous gases, and small particles and droplets that have high levels of acidity. All these can be inhaled by people, to rest in the lungs. This affects the mucus membrane and lungs, as well as lung function. This is in addition to the worsening of lung conditions such as asthma, and bronchitis, among others (â€Å"MedlinePlus.† Web). In 1997, the National Ins titute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) noted that respiratory problems due to sulfur vapors mostly affect young children (Rado Web).This is because their lungs are still developing and so might have long-term effects on the children. This puts at the risk the future population of Hawaii Island, as these children are the future of the society. Collaborating with the Hawaii Department of Health, the NIEHS conducted a health research in Hawaii to establish the relationship between volcanic smog and

President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

President - Research Paper Example A number of events took place during the cold war both regionally and globally catalysing the formation and adoption of the Truman doctrine. Russia sponsored communism was on the rise and influencing the entire Europe. Hungary’s democratic government was overthrown by the communist party in 1947 attracting strong condemnation by President Truman. In 1948 again the communist party with the support of Russia used force to grab power in Czechoslovakia. The attempted Berlin blockade would have also significantly affected the course of events had it succeeded. The Russian threat became particularly significant in 1949 when Russia deployed its tool to influence the entire Europe. Russia also went on to explode its nuclear bomb nullifying America’s lead. The Korean escalated the tensions between the two rival super powers. It became apparent that to restore confidence in Europe, economic assistance, rearmament of West Germany and military aid were necessary measures. The Presi dent thus sought Congress’s approval of $ 400 million towards aiding turkey and Greece both in terms of military and economically (Merrill, 20006). The relationship between the United States and the USSR was unhealthy during the cold war. Russia’s aggression and expansion of its communist influence into Eastern Europe after the defeat of Germany was not taken well by the United States and other Western democracies. The US dominated the politics and economics of Western Europe and therefore was very threatened by Russia’s influence in the East. The two powers differed on ideology & politics and were competing for internal influence along the different lines. The competition lasted between 1947 and 1991 when the Soviet Union officially collapsed. The spreading communism ideology supported by Russia saw communist parties overthrow democratically elected governments in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Russia’s detonation of its first atomic weapon and its

Application of Wireless Technology in the Educational System Essay

Application of Wireless Technology in the Educational System - Essay Example Contemporary advancements are continued in wireless technology devices such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), wirelessly networked handheld computers, wireless laptop technology, wireless sensor network employed in distance learning and education. The development of the wireless technology has broad impact on all the areas of information technology. Our way of living, communication, social prospect, and different aspects of collaborative environment are totally transformed into new enhanced operational areas. Now we are more informed and tightly linked to people and global event. These radical transformations also affect the educational sector. The trend of the distance learning and wireless technology incorporation in this sector has offered learners huge advantages. Now they have access to more up-to-date knowledge and information as compared to the past (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). The educational sector has extensively influenced by the new technology transformation. There are huge opportunities regarding new educational system which are generated due to the radical transformations in internet and wireless technology. According to (Mamoukaris & Economides, 2003), the wireless networks technology will play a significant role in educational sector. The communications structures of wireless networks frequently are paying attention on new wireless ad-hoc networks technology. They will offer liberty from place restrictions, dynamic interaction, flexibility, adaptive architecture and scalable multicast services (Mamoukaris & Economides, 2003). The research of (Mamoukaris & Economides, 2003) has outlined that one of main and more attractive services of the wireless network is group communication. Modern educational models as well as wireless structures have been intended to develop mutual training. The new technology of the wireless network is the ad-hoc wireless ne tworks those are multi-hop wireless

Theory Nike Essay Example for Free

Theory Nike Essay Moreover , decentralization is a matter of degree, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of necessity. At one extreme, a strongly decentralized organization is one in which even the lowest-level managers and employees are empowered to make decisions. At the other extreme, in a strongly decentralized organization, lower-level managers have little freedom to make decisions. On the other hand, in a centralized organization, the decisions are made by top executives or on the basis of pre-set policies. These decisions or policies are then enforced through several tiers of the organization after gradually broadening the span of control until it reaches the bottom tier. Centralization is said to be a process where the concentration of decision making is in a few hands. All the important decision and actions at the lower level, all subjects and actions at the lower level are subject to the approval of top management. According to John R. Schermerhorn(2002) , â€Å"Centralization† is the systematic and consistent reservation of authority at central points in the organization. The difference between a centralized and a decentralized system of organization is that in a centralized structure all the decision making and authority are focused on the top tier of management. These few people are the ones that dictate company policy and make all the crucial decisions. A decentralized system, on the other hand, delegates authority throughout the organization and to all levels of management. Advantages of centralization include an organization’s ability to be able to keep a tight grip on all aspects of the business.

Benefits of Education for Society

Benefits of Education for Society Benefit of the education: Education a tool for progress Abstract This document shows us some educative system that change social status of the society and how the education is a perfect mechanism for finding the economic stability of a country. This research is based on fact of countries that had suffered key change using to the education how way for building a competitive civilization. Moreover, Finn educative system has been the best of the world without pressures to students. When they choose subjects, class schedules with the purpose of having brilliant students that supply their knowledge at the community. It decreased the levels of poverty in developing cities. So, this country focused in creating groups people working together for finding big profits on an environment complex. In addition, government have implemented extreme laws as free education since the first education years until university. In this nation, all is free including educative material, meal and transport producing big result as the first country in innovation. Besides, time moderns had put on evidence that the world continually modify different aspects as educational, economic and social.   It has seen the need of finding other solutions based in the creativity and the innovation that request to progress with the time. So, technology is the result of people who look for show their investigations through constant experiments. Nowadays, it serves as support material for creating an easy learning to students that allow them development their thought creative. Education: A tool for progress The educational systems influence in the student dynamics facilitating the learning with techniques that allow the development mental and psychological of the students. However, obsolete educational models is ending with the critical thought of the youth. Due to, classes are not interactive between professor and student or student and student getting a level low of learning in comparison of other countries. It connects the real world with the imaginary established possibilities for the progress where the only benefited has been the humanity. It has meant a halted society in the past without future. However, could new educational methods serves as a window to successful? Challenges of the human being are strategic approaches designs depending on the necessities that turn around of our environment. In other words, it means our world is created on base of people who has seen and thought of a way different. So, some countries adopt at the education as a form for the progress and create new policies on profit of the knowledge until get a stability economy of a country on development process. Then, it allow to develop scientist mind through experiments based experience accumulations that in an unexpected moment appearance and transformed our life. Therefore, we have to mention to the creativity and at the innovation as resources of development on a future closer. The Knowledge Builds Cities The researcher spirit is inside of each person like a faded diamond that only need to polish for having a shine. It means that the people since they are children need to have more attention and a correct education for developing a set of ideas in front of any event. It will allow them improving to generate big solutions in look for excellent. But, in the traditional educative systems, students go to the classes for staying in their seat and do not interact in the classes. At the result, that country stays in the past. The humanity requests changes constants on educative models and at the same time a dedication about effects produced on the youth. However, countries advance to big step that decrease its resources until cause damage irreversible. Here, the education is an important role because, it creates mechanics that help to eradicate problems with simple solutions based on idea rains according to a think way. Educative institutions are held to Government laws apply their form of leading a nation. In this situation, the new mechanics tend to lose their figure on the development model technologic and industrial. But, there are countries where the public sectors have their space. So as, Hancock (2011) explain that In 1963, the Finnish Parlia-ment made the bold decision to choose public education as its best shot at economic recovery. Finland recently has been the attention center at worldwide level on education because this country has the best educative system of the world. This change began 40 years ago when they used at the education as only possible of thriving on the economy. This program takes many time until on 2000 year was the first evaluation done by Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) with a standardized test showing that Finland had the best readers of the world, on few time after they was the best in math. In 2009, PISA put to Nordic state on second place in science, in third place in reading and six place in math. So, they performed that education is the key of the successful. Due to, government post at the education as a mechanism for leaving of the poverty and compete worldwide. This system is success on two important aspects: Educative Model The education is free for all Finn with any economic levels receive the same knowledge and children begin school life at 7 years old. The primary education has a length of six years during this time, they have classes with the same professor each subject. They attend at the school few hours each student learns to think in the different educative levels are integrated in one only body. In other words, there is not a transition since initial education, school primary, college until university. Professor It is the career more difficult because the students must study hard for getting excellent grades. The major of students want to follow a teaching career because it has big prestige and is a respectable figure. Although, the professor salary is not high as others professions, it has huge petition in society. This carrier is enough demanding for the students but each university admits only 10% of the total of candidates. In addition, duration of this university career is five years, three years they study for a bachelor ´s degree and two years for a specialization obligatory on master. When students finish his teaching career, majority of graduate choose the childhood as the resource of knowledge on a society in building. In short, they consider that the childhood is starting point for future changes of their country. Also, children have curiosity for learning and know things that are around. All Finland people trust in the knowledge of their teachers and usually need them help about something that they do not know. Because, the community knows that students with excellent qualifications access to the teaching. Innovation and Creativity The innovation is the source of the wealth on setting of the creativity, a transition that breaks the traditional diagrams below the light of fresh ideas promoting  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   the art of thinking.   So as, Robinson (2010) explain that In fact, creativity which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value more often than not comes about through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things. Then, the tactic discipline puts on evidence creation of a right behavior directed interchange of ideas between people. Occasionally, the scientists use simple ideas like hypothesis for arriving to a general idea (thesis) in middle of these two points exist innumerable experimental processes. So, there are great creations start with simple answer and follow a sequence logical of thoughts until get a purpose. For instance, the technology since its creation on the century XXI has united borders and has destroyed obstacles on the field social and on construction of new knowledge. Nowadays, the professors and students have benefit on the learning and the teaching through computational programs orient to create more invent in basing of invent created. However, it needs economic investment of local governments and contribution of private companies for an excellent educative level. That is to say, the better investment is in the education. In addition, some invents serve like experimental models for the next generation. It attracts attention of the students and possibility of creating a revolutionary idea. Creativity designs a path of chances on crisis times. Creative uses passion as the motor to develop an activity and involving the imagination in the prediction about something that will happen or happened. Humans are the only with capacity compose, create, invent, build cities and buildings. We live in an imaginary world where everything around us is the end product of an idea that someone had. So, if we put our neurons to work we are able to advance, progress, start our projects and face new challenges. Although, sometimes we have possibility of making mistakes, this not must be impediment because stumbling leads to a good idea. Therefore, we all have capacity to create and to imagine but we must learn to develop it in the same way that we learn to read. Senegal (2016) said that Technology is progressively replacing manual labour and pervading how we live and work. So, the creativity revolutionizes the learning and changing the social status of a generation that advances continuously using new methods on the education. Modern methodologies offer a variety of solutions with the building of investigation centers. It has gotten good profit and the quote of investigators for the modern world. In conclusion, this research have found important aspects that is changing the world since human beings use their physical abilities or intellectuals for creating something. However, some people is following old methods that do not allow developing a creative though with activities focused to future world. On the other hand, new study techniques propose radical changes in the behavior mental in front of challenges of a society that search getting an equilibrium social and economic. So, each epoch marks the end and the beginning of something new where creativity plays an important role in the advance or deterioration of a civilization. References Compton, A. (Direccià ³n). (2012). The Finland Phenomenon [Pelà ­cula]. Hancock, L. (- de 09 de 2011). Smithsonian.com. Obtenido de Smithsonian.com: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/why-are-finlands-schools-successful-49859555/ Ossola, A. (12 de 11 de 2014). The Atlantic. Obtenido de The Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/11/the-creative-scientist/382633/ Robinson, K. (2010). Ted Ideas Worth Spreading. Obtenido de Ted Ideas Worth Spreading: https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity?language=en Segal, S. (20 de 5 de 2016). World Economic Forum. Obtenido de World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/a-case-for-disruption-in-latin-america-s-classrooms/

Plant And Animal Cells Essay -- Biology Biological Cells Essays

Plant and Animal Cells I. Introduction All organisms in life are composed of at least one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of life. There are three main features of a cell. First, all organisms consist of one or more cells. Second, cells are the smallest units of life and third, cells arise only from preexisting cells. These three facts are referred to as the cell theory. All cells can be categorized into two basic cell types. They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To distinguish where cells are placed in the two categories, what is inside the cell must first be looked at. Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (the genetic material), and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure and they are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. Also, most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall. In addition to having the basic cell parts, eukaryotic cells also contain a membrane-bounded nucleus and cell organelles. The membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Most of the cells we used in the experiments held, were multicellular or consisting of more than one cell. A variety of cells were used in completing the experiments. We used union cells, cheek cells, potato cells, and Elodeo cells. We also used Planaria which is a unicellular organism. Many stains and dyes were used in the experiments. They were water, methylene blue, salts, and iodine. In our studies of cells, we conducted three experiments to test the different features of cells. The first two experiments were on how membranes were selectively permeable, diffusion, and osmosis. To test this, we set up two experiments. The first experiment we set up had three cups. In each cup a potato slice and a different liquid was put in. In the first cup was filled with distilled water. The second cup was filled with salt water and the third was left empty. We left these cups sit for twenty- four hours and then we observed them. The second experiment we set up involved dialysis tubing which was acting like a membrane. In the dialysis tubing we put a liquid that was made of starches and sugars. We then put the dialysis tubing into a beaker of water wh... ...c solution and sucked up some of the water in the cells. When we observed the cheek cells we found they were very different from the plant cells. The nucleus was in the middle of the cheek cells and there were a few cell organelles. The Planaria cell was all red and had lines running down it. In this cell though, the nucleus was not present. The plant cells and animal cells were very different. In the plant cells there was motion of cell parts but in the animal cells there was no motion. Also, the nucleus and chloroplast of the plant cell were towards the outside of the cell because the chloroplast can receive sunlight better on the outside of the cell than on the inside. In the animal cells though, the nucleus and cell organelles, were towards the middle of the cell. III. Conclusions All organisms in life are made of at least one or more cells. Cells are the basic units to life. Without cells life cannot exist. In our experiments we went to look how cells function and what are their features. In finding this information, I know have a better understanding of how cells function and their specific features. Plant And Animal Cells Essay -- Biology Biological Cells Essays Plant and Animal Cells I. Introduction All organisms in life are composed of at least one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of life. There are three main features of a cell. First, all organisms consist of one or more cells. Second, cells are the smallest units of life and third, cells arise only from preexisting cells. These three facts are referred to as the cell theory. All cells can be categorized into two basic cell types. They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To distinguish where cells are placed in the two categories, what is inside the cell must first be looked at. Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (the genetic material), and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure and they are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. Also, most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall. In addition to having the basic cell parts, eukaryotic cells also contain a membrane-bounded nucleus and cell organelles. The membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Most of the cells we used in the experiments held, were multicellular or consisting of more than one cell. A variety of cells were used in completing the experiments. We used union cells, cheek cells, potato cells, and Elodeo cells. We also used Planaria which is a unicellular organism. Many stains and dyes were used in the experiments. They were water, methylene blue, salts, and iodine. In our studies of cells, we conducted three experiments to test the different features of cells. The first two experiments were on how membranes were selectively permeable, diffusion, and osmosis. To test this, we set up two experiments. The first experiment we set up had three cups. In each cup a potato slice and a different liquid was put in. In the first cup was filled with distilled water. The second cup was filled with salt water and the third was left empty. We left these cups sit for twenty- four hours and then we observed them. The second experiment we set up involved dialysis tubing which was acting like a membrane. In the dialysis tubing we put a liquid that was made of starches and sugars. We then put the dialysis tubing into a beaker of water wh... ...c solution and sucked up some of the water in the cells. When we observed the cheek cells we found they were very different from the plant cells. The nucleus was in the middle of the cheek cells and there were a few cell organelles. The Planaria cell was all red and had lines running down it. In this cell though, the nucleus was not present. The plant cells and animal cells were very different. In the plant cells there was motion of cell parts but in the animal cells there was no motion. Also, the nucleus and chloroplast of the plant cell were towards the outside of the cell because the chloroplast can receive sunlight better on the outside of the cell than on the inside. In the animal cells though, the nucleus and cell organelles, were towards the middle of the cell. III. Conclusions All organisms in life are made of at least one or more cells. Cells are the basic units to life. Without cells life cannot exist. In our experiments we went to look how cells function and what are their features. In finding this information, I know have a better understanding of how cells function and their specific features.

College Tuition Essay

Liberal views on college tuition is that it should be affordable and not increase the average debt an American should have. Recently Obama capped the federal student loan payments at 10% of income and stopped federal student loan interest rates from doubling. Liberals tend to believe strongly in public education and are against the high tuition of private schools, many believe that the high prices of private schools take away from the education system and increase the price of public education. Conservative views on college education is to switch from community schools to trade schools, increasing training instead. They believe you would cut the amount of money you owe by attending a trade school and not investing in a 4+ year college, but they believe also that this opportunity should be possible for most Americans. Many Conservatives believe that federal government has no business in originating student loans and encourages private loan investing. Many believe in shifting the role of federal government in student loans to make government the guarantor for private sector student loans. Demographics The raising of any college tuition funds or loan rates would have a direct effect on the younger generation of 18-30 year olds that would be trying to access education early on in their lives. The United States ranks 9th in the world in the amount of young adults enrolled in college, but 16th in the world of 25-34 year olds graduating with a higher education. The ideas of the liberal party would settle well with the younger generation going into college after high school or returning to college at a young age. The older generation from 65 and up would see faults in this idea by questioning why not raise interest rates or where the funding would come to support the growth of public schooling, but also the idea of do you really have to go to college? Many people of the older generation do not see purpose in being in high debt at such a young age in life. Major difference between the two parties is how the money is received to pay for higher education. They both believe that college tuition should be lowered and more possibilities should be available for lower class Americans, but how those Americans get the money for this education is a widely debated topic.

Alma Electronics: I’ll Dream of You Essay

Introduction Mr. Andy Mallari’s goal is to develop his small electronic shop into that kind of business of Mr. Estrelito Chan, which has already grown into a well-established appliance assembly plant in Manila. He, Mr. Mallari, however has three sons who belong to the top ten in their respective classes and he thinks that his children have great potential of helping him realize his dream of establishing his own assembly plant. Mr. Mallari should take into account every single detail in his plans from the biggest up to the smallest ones for if there is any case of missteps in his endeavor, it can ruin all of his plans. Analysis His business started as a mere electronic supply and repair center in Burgos Ave., Cabanatuan City and he has employees consisting of technicians who came from different towns of Nueva Ecija. His business has grown up until he managed to build a new bigger shop at Del Pilar St. Considering this fact, we can safely say that his working force in terms of manpower is effective since he was able to bring his business into having different sub-branches in the various big towns of Nueva Ecija such as San Jose City, Gapan City and Guimba. This all say that he has established a firm business, but he has  decided to take a step further in his endeavors by setting his goal of establishing a larger scale enterprises. In view of this, different challenges will sure emerge like he already has to set a new outline for his business’ working force and he will be needing more experienced employees with deeper knowledge about electronics industry. He has his three sons as potential pillars for the realization of his dreams. That’s why the most critical part of his plan is the choice of course he will recommend his sons to take, and whether or not his sons will take into account the course he will endorse. Recommendations and Conclusions According to Engr. Helito R. Singson JR., if he were Mr. Andy Mallari he would choose Electronics and Communications Engineering to be the course for his first son, since electronic industry is what his business is all about. He added that it is wise that his son who, if ever, will be an electronic engineer be positioned as a supervisor. The second son is to take business administration; he will be in charge of the management aspects within the business. And the third one is to take finance, and he will be in charge of the financial aspects of the business. Source: Engr. Helito R. Singson Jr. helitorsingsonjr@gmail.com

Science was born and survives only by questions. Essay

Science was born and survives only by questions. The whole foundation of science is questioning. And as parents and teachers well know, children are the source of unending questions. Hence, ‘child is the first scientist’. It is very important for every parent to be willing to make the effort to guide children to be good human beings – enlightened and hardworking. The teacher, the child’s window to learning and knowledge, has to play the role model in generating creativity in the child. This triangle is indeed the real role model I can think of. I would even go to the extent of saying that if parents and teachers show the required dedication to shape the lives of the young, India would get a new life. As it is said: Behind the parents stands the school, and behind the teacher the home. A proper education would help nurture a sense of dignity and self-respect among our youth. These are qualities no law can enforce – they have to be nurtured ourselves. A nation’s wealth is the young generation of the country. When they grow up, who can be the role models? Mother, father and elementary school teachers play a very important part as role models. When the child grows up, the role models will be national leaders of quality and integrity in every field including the science, technology and industry. I hope that e-techno teachers who teach and inspire the young students will continue their unmatched and noble services in the years to come, thus ensuring the march of Indian brilliance in every field. Role of students in removing illiteracy In our country is by far the most serious problem. We all recognize that illiteracy is bed, that it prevents the cultural growth of a people. But illiteracy in our country continues to exist on an appalling scale. Even today among ten in India about five are illiterate. Nor is there any organized effort to do away with this deplorable state of backlog. We tinker at the problem instead of tackling it thoroughly. We made experiments. The States have ambitious programmes of setting up primary schools in every village, but these are yet in the cold shade of neglect. But illiteracy can be removed and that quickly, if concerted efforts are made both by private organizations and the states. Within a decade, the Russians got rid of ignorance as colossal as ours; and now the Chinese have also achieved it. They took at once a total war against illiteracy for which the services of all educated men and women were conscripted. Gurudev Rabindranath also praised efforts of the Russians. For this, education must be made free and compulsory at least upto the age of fourteen. That is the plain directive of our Constitution. Recently a bill was adopted in the Parliament of India to make primary education a fundamental right. But even where education is free in India, it is not compulsory; and it is free only at the lower primary stage here and there. The result is that most of those who give up learning after this stage, are the drop-outs, lapse back, into ignorance. Of course, making elementary education compulsory demands money. Children of workers and peasants have to think of earning before they can think of learning. Mahatma Gandhi recognized this basic difficulty and he suggested a scheme by which children would begin to earn while they were learning. In that scheme, known as basic Education scheme, it is not only craft-centered, but the crafts are so chosen as to have a profit basis. The scheme however did not make much headway in free India.

Principles of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Principles of economics - Essay Example According to the way people make decisions People face trade-off People face trade-off in the economy. A trade-off occurs where one has to give up something for something else. One can forego a resource so that they can spend it somewhere else (Mankiw, Gregory, 2014). For example, when a student is given upkeep money, they can decide to purchase extra study materials and reduce the amount of snacks they take daily. The price of a good is what you pay to have it To obtain a product, one must pay for it. The cost that one pays to obtain something and fore go the benefit of the other is called the opportunity cost. For example, one has to pay fees to spend time to gain knowledge of a particular skill. Therefore, it is important to consider the opportunity cost so as to make decision as to whether to undertake an action. In most cases, the chosen course of action has a lower opportunity cost. If the forgone choice has a lower opportunity cost, then there is no economic feasibility. Rational people think at the margin Economists take it that individuals are rational in decisions, and that they take the best options to achieve their goals, given certain opprotunities.Example, a company may decide to higher highly competent people who will produce a very high output within a shorttime.This will help maximize returns (Mankiw, Gregory, 2014). Individuals react or incentives – People, being rational decision makers, would be sensitive to rewards and punishments (Mankiw, Gregory, 2014).